I'he Moths and ButterHies 



455 



and cardui occur also in Europe, and cardui is held to be the most nearly 

 cosmopolitan of all butterflies, ranging over nearly the whole earth outside 

 the arctic and antarctic regions. Its larvae feed on thistles by preference, 

 but on almost any composite if necessary: those of Inmtera on everlasting 

 and other Gnaphaliea;; those of atalanla on nettles; while those of caryce 

 feed on Lavatera assurgenti flora. All these larv;e are spiny. 



Two striking, widely distributed, and abundant butterflies are the mourn- 

 ing-cloak, EiiviDiessa antiopa (PI. X, Fig. 7), and the peacock-butterfly, 

 or buckeye, Jiinonia cxnia (PL V, Fig. i). Both are found over nearly 

 all of our country, and the mourning-cloak is common in Europe. The 



Fig. 644. — Chr)'salid or pupa of the violet-tip|)iii huttcrtly, I'olygonia intirrogalionis. 

 (Photograph from life by author; sHghtly enlarged.) 



larva of the buckeye is black-gray marked with minute black-edged orange 

 dashes and dots transversely arranged, and has long spines all over its body; 

 it feeds on Scrophulariacca'. especially Gerardia. The larva of the mourning- 

 cloak is velvety black sprinkled with white papilla' and with a row of large 

 medio-dorsal orange spots, and has spines much longer than the body seg- 

 ments. A curious butterfly of the Mississippi Valley and Great Plains 

 is Atiaa andria, the goatweed-butterfly (PI. XI, Fig. 5). The larva, 

 which is naked, gray-green, and studded with numerous paler points, feeds 

 on species of Croton, the goatwceds. The American tortoise-shell, Aglais 



