Insects and Flowers 569 



bees, who use pollen not only directly themselves, but carry it in quantities 

 to their nests as food for their young, and in the case of honey-bees for the 

 other workers busy indoors. To show the affinities and the number of 

 species of the insect visitors to entomophilous flowers I have compiled the 

 following figures from Robertson's records of his observations on flowers 

 in the neighborhood of Carlinville, 111. In twenty-six observing days 275 

 insect species visited the flowers of Pastinaca saliva, of which i was a Neurop- 

 teron, 6 were Hemiptera, 9 were moths and butterflies, 14 were beetles, 72 

 were Diptera, and the rest Hymenoptera, of which 21 were bees, 39 saw- 

 flies and parasitica, and the remainder wasps, solitary and social. Of 115 

 species visiting the milkweed Asclepias verticiUaia, 52 were H}Tnenoptera, 

 42 Diptera, 16 Lepidoptera, and 3 Coleoptera; of 52 species visiting Rham- 

 nus lanceolata, 23 were various solitary bees; of 87 species found at the 

 flowers of the willow Salix cordata in seven days, 43 were Hymenoptera, 39 

 Diptera, 4 Coleoptera, and i Hemipteron; 112 species of insects visited Ceano- 

 thus americaniis in five days; 79 species visited sweet-clover in two days; 

 71 species visited the little spring beauty, Claytonia Virginica, in twenty-six 

 days, while 18 species visited the 3-ellow violet in seven days. The hive- 

 bee and the bumblebees are the pre-eminent cross-pollinating insect agents, 

 some flowers, as clover for e.xample, having its pollen distributed by bumble- 

 bees alone (although Robertson found 13 different species of butterflies rob- 

 bing nectar from red clover). The willow Salix hitmilis, watched for eleven 

 days, had its staminate flowers wholly monopolized by honey-bees, although 

 51 kinds of nectar-feeding insects visited its pistillate flowers. Of the 4S8 

 species of American entomophilous flowers which have been studied b_v 

 Robertson I find by going through his records that the honey-bee visits nearly 

 all, while bumblebees are recorded from a large number. 



The adaptations for pollen-gathering are mostly limited to bees and 

 consist of {a) the development of hairs, simple and branched or feathery, 

 specially situated to brush up and hold the pollen grains as the bee clambers 

 over the stamens, and (i) in the honey-bees and bumblebees the develop- 

 ment of the well-known pollen-basket, or corbiculum (see description and 

 figure on p. 528). The adaptations for nectar-drinking consist in the elon- 

 gation and tube-forming modification of the mouth-parts of bees, flies, and 

 moths and butterflies. While in the less specialized bees the mouth-parts 

 are short, with the labium in the condition of a short broad flap-like lip 

 (Fig. 716), in the specialized nectar-drinkers, as the bumbles, the hive-bee, 

 and the other so-called long-tongued forms, the maxilla; and labium are 

 long and slender and the various parts can be so held together as to form a 

 very effective lapping and sucking proboscis (Fig. 717). Similar conditions 

 exist among the two-winged flies (Diptera); the proboscis of a flower-fly 

 (Syrphid) or bee-fly (Bombiliid), for example, is a long, slender, sucking beak 



