THE SEXES OF INSECTS. 



lu treating- of the development of insects it is necessary to refer to the 

 periodical casting- of the larviil skin. All the growth of insects takes 

 place in the larva state. Consetincnlly no insect incnrases in size after 

 it has acquired wings. The larval skin seems to be an imi)erfectly or- 

 ganized membrane, which does not correspond in its growth to that of 

 the body, but yields to this growth, to a certain extent, by virtue of its 

 elasticity. A time comes therefore when it can yield no farther. The 

 insect then evidently becomes oppressed, ceases to eat, usually retires 

 to some secluded spot, and, if gregarious, huddles together with its com- 

 panions, and there remains a day or two, almost motionless ami with- 

 out food, and in an apparently torpi<l and sickly condition. After a 

 time the distended skin bursts open, and the insect throws it off, and ap- 

 l)ears in a new, bright, and elastic skin, which, in its turn, is capaljle of 

 a certain degree of distension. This i)rocess, which is called moulthig, 

 takes i>laoe three or four times in the course of the larval growth, and 

 in a few larvic which continue more than one year in this state, the moul- 

 ting is said to occur from five to eight times. In insects of very rapid de- 

 velopment, on the other hand, such as the maggots, or larva- of the 

 ]\Iuscid;e, no moulting takes place, and it is the larvic of this kind which 

 form coarctate pupte. 



THE SEXES OF INSECTS. 



As a gfeneral rule inse(!ts of different sexes resemble each other so 

 closely as to leave no doubt of their specific identity, and in many the 

 sexes can scarcely' be distinguished. But this rule is subject to many 

 exceptions, and the naming of insects has been greatly confused by the 

 sexes of the same insect having been described and named as distinct 

 species. 



The sexual organs, especially those of the males, are usually conceal- 

 ed so as to be nearly or (]uite invisible ; but the female, especially iu 

 the order of lIymenoi>tera, often have an exserted ovipositor of greater 

 or less length, which reatlily distinguishes them from the opposite sex. 

 An analogous structure exists in many wood-borings beetles which de- 

 posit their eggs in deep crevices in the bark of trees ; and more rarely 

 in insects of the other orders. In the Coleoptera the males are sometimes 

 distinguished by one or two horns, either upon the head or thorax, and 

 many of the predaceous beetles, both terrestrial and acpiatic, have the 

 anterior feet mu«^.h widened, and furnished beneath with a cushion of 

 hairs or bristles. 



The antennai usually differ in length but little, if at all, iu the two 

 sexes ; but iu the long-horned beetles (Cerarabycidse) the antenna^ of the 

 males are generally considerably longer than those of the females. 

 —2 



