204 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vii. 



arctic smooth Eucleids which extends through northern Europe, Asia 

 and America, reaching to the mountainous parts of India and in 

 America even southward to the tropics in the case of one species.* 

 C. avellana is European, but its nearest ally is the North American 

 species above referred to {y-ifivcrsa'). In certain respects the Ameri- 

 can Lithacodes fasciola is also a closely allied larva. 



The eggs are laid singly, the larvas feed on the backs of the leaves 

 and have a single brood in the year, all apparently as in the allied 

 forms. As I have no experience with the larva in a wild state, I will 

 not enter further into this subject, but refer to the European literature. 

 The material from which this life history was worked out was obtained 

 from Staudinger and Haas, of Dresden, Germany. 



Criticism of Previous Descriptions. 



The early figures are more or less successful attempsat reproducing 

 the general appearance of the full grown larva, natural size. Dr. 

 Chapman gives some very full and interesting observations on Stage 

 I, especially in regard to the evagination of the spines on hatching, 

 and an accurate enlarged figure. This evagination occurs in all the 

 larvfe that have the primitive first stage. I think it can be shown that 

 the setce of the evaginated tubercles are absent and that it is the spine- 

 like tubercle that is thus modified. f Setas iv and v are true setae and 

 are not evaginated, besides being much slenderer and different in ap- 

 pearance from these stiff spines. The supposition that the spines are 

 tubercles also explains the coalescence of the subdorsal ones (i and 

 ii) into a single organ which is far advanced in this species, but goes 

 even further in Packardia and reaches the maximum in Phobetron. 



I have already referred (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, HI, 152, note) 

 to Dr. Chapman's mistake in considering the apparent dislocation of 

 the subdorsal tubercles as evidence that they represented two rows as 

 in Erioccpliala, and to ray disagreement with the generalization he has 

 made. Stage I, in these Cochlidians, is only a primitive first stage with 

 tubercles i to v present, arranged as in the highest "micro" type, 

 but further modified by the absence of set^ on tubercles i to iii, the 



* Lithacodes fasciola. See Schaus, Pioc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, 650 and 

 Walker, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1862, 82, said to be from " South America." 



t In the Notodontians that have hypertrophied tubercles only the primitive setse 

 are present at birth and the " horns " grow out much as in the Cochhdians, but here 

 the true setae are present and appear on or near the apices of the horns. 



