MOTIONS OF INSECTS. 297 



with tluvt of the lady just mentioned. Perhaps, pro- 

 perly speaking, in this last instance the motions ought 

 rather to be regarded as belonging to a larva ; but as 

 it had ceased feeding, and had inclosed itself in its 

 cocoon, I consider it as belonging to the present head. 



You may probably here feel some curiosity to be in- 

 formed how the numerous larvae that are buried in their 

 pupa state, either in the heart of trees, under the earth, 

 or in the waters, effect their escape from their various 

 prisons and become denizens of the air, especially as 

 you are aware that each is shrowded in a winding-sheet 

 and cased in a coffin. In most, however, if you exa- 

 mine this coffin closely, you will see resurgam written 

 upon it. What I mean is this. The puparium or case 

 of the animal is furnished with certain acute points {ad- 

 mmicula) generally single, but in some instances forked, 

 looking towards the anus, and usually placed upon 

 transverse ridges on the back of the abdomen, but some- 

 times arming the sides or the margins of the segments. 

 By this simple contrivance, aided by new-born vigour, 

 when the time for its great change is arrived, the in- 

 cluded prisoner of hope, if under ground, pushes itself 

 gradually upwards, till reaching the surface its head 

 and trunk emerge, when an opening in the latter being 

 effected by its efforts, it escapes from its confinement, 

 and once more tastes the sweets of liberty and the joys 

 of life. Those that are inclosed in trees and spin a 

 cocoon, are furnished with points on the head, with 

 which they make an opening in the former. The pupa 

 of the great goat-moth {Cossus ligniperda) thus, by 

 divers movements, keeps disengaging itself from this 

 envelope, till it arrives at a hole in the tree which it had 



