PREFACE. V 



problems — both as regards nesting and other points — have 

 been discussed under appropriate species. 



An anangement based on a scientific classification 

 was considered the only rational one for the purpose. 

 The system and nomenclature adopted are those followed 

 in Howard Saunders's Manual of British Birds (2nd ed. 

 1899). The sequence has, for convenience in treatment, 

 been reversed, and slightly altered in detail. The various 

 groups, however, have been in no way split up, and a 

 statement of the relevant general characteristics of each 

 group is given under the head of the first member, or 

 else that member is treated as a type. (It must be 

 understood that these characteristics are not those on 

 which the classification is based.) 



It has been thought advisable not to burden the text 

 with references to authors and works little known to the 

 general reader. I have here, however, to acknowledge 

 indebtedness to the large number of authorities which 

 have been consulted. A small part of the information 

 is based on unpublished records of my own or on those 

 of fully competent observers among my personal friends. 

 To such friends, and also to those who have in any way 

 assisted in the preparation of the book, my best thanks 

 are due. 



A. L. T. 



Old Aberdeen, Scotland, 

 28<A November 1910. 



