308 BRIEF HISTORY OF BACTERIOLOGY UP TO 1881 



cause of the "Bilharzia disease" by Bilharz. Kiichen- 

 meister discovered the tapeworm, Tcenia solium, in 1852, 

 Cohn, an infectious disease of flies due to a parasitic fungus 

 (Empusa muscce) in 1855, and Zenker showed the connec- 

 tion between trichinosis of pork ("measley pork") and human 

 trichinosis (1860) as indicated above. The organisms just 

 mentioned are, of course, not bacteria, but these discoveries 

 proved conclusively that living things of one kind or another, 

 some large, most of them microscopic, could cause disease in 

 other organisms and stimulated the search for other "living 

 contagiums." In 1863, Davaine, already mentioned, showed 

 that anthrax could be transmitted from animal to animal 

 by inoculation of blood, but only if the blood contained the 

 minute rods which he believed to be the cause. Davaine 

 later abandoned this belief because he transmitted the 

 disease with old blood in which he could find no rods. It is 

 now known that this was because the bacilli were in the 

 ''spore" form, which Davaine did not recognize. He thus 

 missed the definite proof of the bacterial nature of anthrax 

 because he was not familiar with the life history of the 

 organism, which was worked out by Koch thirteen years 

 later. In 1865, Villemin repeatedly caused tuberculosis in 

 rabbits by subcutaneous injection of tuberculous material 

 and showed that this disease must be infectious also. In 

 the same year Lord Lister introduced antiseptic methods 

 in surgery. He believed that wound infections were due 

 to microorganisms getting in from the air, the surgeon's 

 fingers, etc., and without proving this, he used carbolic acid 

 to kill these germs and prevent the infection. His pioneer 

 experiments made modern surgery possible. In this year 

 also, Pasteur was sent to investigate a disease, Pebrine, 

 which was destroying the silkworms in Southern France. 

 He showed the cause to be a protozoan which had been seen 

 previously by Cornalia and described by Nageli under the 

 name Nosema homhycis and devised preventive measures. 

 This was the^r^^ infectious disease shown to be due to a pro- 

 tozoon. In 1866, Rindfleisch observed small pin-point-like 

 bodies in the heart muscle of persons who had died of wound 

 infection. Klebs, in 1870-1871, published descriptions and 



