166 A. D. Hardy: 



inclination of which does not suggest that the winds prevail now in 

 the same force. 



Adhesion. — Near Turritable Creek^ Macedon, there is a composite 

 growth, comprising two species — Eucalyjytiis obliqua and E. vimi- 

 nalis — which by mutual pressure are fused at the base, but have 

 the remainder of their stems and their branches free. In stem and 

 canopy the small Messmate {E . obliqua) is dominant, its partner 

 being dwarfed, low-branched, and distorted. The presence of two 

 species would have escaped notice but for the cortical distinction. 



Torsion. — Spiral growth, betrayed by the bark, affects many 

 forest trees. When present in species of the cortical group Rhyto- 

 phloiae, it is conspicuous at all seasons, but, in those of the Leio- 

 phloiae, more conspicuous during certain stages of decortication. 

 In the messmates, stringybarks, and silvertop-ironbark, the spiral- 

 ling of the bark is frequently noticeable, and often, in a mixed 

 forest, E. sieberiana may be singled out from amongst others of 

 somew^hat similar appearance, because of this spiral tendency. Of 

 the Leiophloiae there is a tree l>etween Lara and the You Yangs 

 which, when alive, had dark and light slashes of colour markings 

 irregular in detail, but of general spiral trend. The picture shown 

 is from a photograph taken after the death of the tree, Avhen ring 

 barked, the conspicuous, irregularly sinuous and spiral lines indi 

 eating the openings in the bark due to shrinkage. 



Bifurcation. — Early forking of lowland trees is not uncommon 

 The tendency of trees (of lofty habit in the highland glens) to dwarf 

 and approach the shrub form in exposed lowland situations may be 

 seen in Eucalypfus viminalis and E . obliqua, while in the silurian 

 hills of Kerry, E. obliqua and E. amygdalina have many stems 

 arising from near the ground, and resembling " mallee " or shrubby 

 Eucalypts. There is a young E . rosfrata, symmetrically bifurcated, 

 in Richmond Park, Melbourne. The giant Eucalypt E. regnans, 

 occasionally forks early in sheltered localities. 



Fasciation. — This phenomenon is, according to Blaringhem and 

 Worsdell, the result not of the union of younger organs which 

 remain coherent for a longer or shorter period, but from the 

 absence of individualization of the* cells or tissue into independent 

 buds. Worsdell attributes fasciation to congenital impulse, and 

 not to post-genital union of parts, as supposed by Masters and 

 ■others, and regards it as the first sign of partition of a single shoot. 



In the practically aphyllous Exocarpi and Casuarinae fasciation 

 may be found. E . cupressiformis exhibits the formation frequently 



