40 THE CAUSES WHICH PEOPAGATE 



those to the lower one seemed to ojDen each time the flap or fold 

 spasmodically moved upward ; while a central cylindrical duct 

 (b) passed from the hypothetical heart (a) ventrally into the 

 thorax, where its rhythmical action could be at intervals seen 

 extending- as far as the second annulation, although the forms 

 of its vessels were obscured, from the fact that circulation was 

 already partially stayed in this portion of the body. Lasth^, 

 the lower tube and flat-roundish vessel continued to palpitate 

 vigorously long after the valves of the green dorsal tube had 

 ceased to move. However we may consider these facts, this pul- 

 sation of the roundish vessel and its afferents points, I think 

 it will be admitted, to the equivalent of a heart in insects, which 

 circulates and aerates the fluids manufactured by the stomach, 

 and affords those secretions necessary to the manifestation of 

 the simple emotions, the evidence of whose existence we have 

 now to consider. 



Simple muscular contractions indicative of fear are witnessed 

 in larviE, pupte, and perfect insects, and may result from touch, 

 sight, or hearing. Caterpillars and other larv^ffi when touched 

 will contract or convolute into a ball ; pupiB when complete with 

 flexible rings, as the chrysalides of Lepidoptera, wriggle the 

 segments. Many beetles on touch turn lethargic, forcibly con- 

 tracting legs and antennie, often into grooves of various depth, 

 possibly habitually accpiired. This is characteristic of the Pill 

 Beetles {B/jrrJim), and the families Rhynchophora, Coprinida.% 

 and Coccinellidae, as of the more elongate kinds of Elateridae. The 

 latter, familiarly termed " Skip-jacks,^^ turning on their backs, 

 escape when the paroxysm is past by leaping high in air 

 (Plate I., Figs. 2, 3). Some contract their legs and depress their 

 heads either slightly, as species of Necrophaga and Malacoderma, 

 or receive them into grooves, as the Weevils. The male alone 

 of a red and blue Clerus, frequenting Umbelliferse, appeared to 

 me thus affected, while his female sought to escape. Some lamel- 

 licomi beetles^ in lieu of contracting their legs, rigidly extending 

 them as the common Dung Beetle, porrect the front pair and 

 draw up the hinder as its congener S^/i-afic/is, or indifferently 

 contract and extend them as the Rose Beetles. The active 

 Ground Beetles again, only partially recede them on alarm ; 

 crouching down or squatting like rabbits and partridges. The 



