•276 THE CAUSES WHICH 



this species is rare^ and accredited monogneutic. Lycmia 

 amijntula and polysperchoii are also summer and winter forms of 

 the same butterfly.^ 



In Em'o^je the Orange Tip [Antliocharis helia), by prolonga- 

 tion of the pupal state^ produces a variety {Ausonia) , which has the 

 under-wings white with yellowish green blotches^ instead of 

 being green with silvery spots. The Camberwell Beauty, which 

 in spring in Southern Europe has white wing-borders instead of 

 buff, in Holland has them generally of a pale yellow ; and in 

 Sweden, Norway, and Lapland, white borders throughout 

 the year. Summer varieties are also frequently dwarfed. For 

 example, a second brood of the Queen of Spain in Italy is less 

 in size and more intense in colouring than the vernal. On the 

 southern limit of the Palsearctic area, we find the Orange Tip 

 [Antliocharis Belemia, Esp.), at Morocco, has a spring variety 

 [Glance, Hb.), in which the silvery streaks beneath are replaced 

 by white ; the varieties Helice, Hb., of the Clouded Yellow and 

 Cleopatra, L., of the Brimstone, at this season are not uncommon ; 

 the Meadow Brown is represented by Hispnlla, Hb., which has 

 the fulvous on the hind-wing increased, and the Speckled Wood 

 by the variety Meone, Esp. ; but perhaps some of these forms 

 are local. Helice is also common in Sicily in spring, although 

 in these islands, curiously enough, it is not found until autumn. 

 Lastly, the autumnal brood of Grapta C. album is dark.f Seasonal 

 varieties should likewise be looked for in moths. A second brood 

 of Hadeiia xi/linoides in Canada was noticed by Mr. Norman to 

 be dwarfed ; and our common hedgerow thorn [Selenia illmtraria) 

 in this country produces a seemingly constant summer pigmy 

 [delunaria) . This, as before, appears due to heat or cold accelera- 

 ting or retarding the metamorphosis, and depends on the pupal 

 duration, since Mr. B. G. Cole, as the result of two experiments, 

 found that another geometer [Ej^hi/ra pnnctaria) bred from eggs 

 laid by the same female, produced a spotted variety in July, 

 while the remainder appeared the ensuing May in all respects 

 resembling the parent. In spring the small Wave Moth 

 [Acidalia emutaria) has a pink tinge. 



* Vitis Graber, " Die Insekten," " Canadian Entomologist," &c. 

 f Entomol. Mon. Mag. ; " Trans. Lend, and Italian_ Ent. Socs.," Var. Papers ; 

 Newman's Entomologist. 



