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  field 
  in 
  Manhattan, 
  Kansas, 
  during 
  1913, 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  at 
  least 
  50%. 
  

   The 
  parasite 
  is 
  a 
  very 
  small 
  Hymenopteron. 
  

  

  The 
  researches 
  of 
  Bachmetjew 
  upon 
  the 
  temperature 
  relations 
  in 
  

   insects, 
  followed 
  by 
  those 
  of 
  others 
  who 
  have 
  applied 
  bis 
  discoveries 
  

   to 
  the 
  preservation 
  of 
  life 
  during 
  the 
  winter, 
  are 
  full 
  of 
  significance. 
  

  

  Insecticiles 
  are 
  most 
  essential, 
  but 
  the 
  difficulty 
  often 
  arises, 
  how 
  

   far 
  can 
  one 
  use 
  them 
  to 
  the 
  best 
  advantage, 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  produce 
  some- 
  

   thing 
  which 
  will 
  kill 
  the 
  pests 
  without 
  damaging 
  the 
  plants 
  ; 
  it 
  is 
  

   as 
  well 
  to 
  remember 
  that 
  spraying 
  should 
  be 
  done 
  on 
  the 
  first 
  

   appearance 
  of 
  Aphis, 
  and 
  not 
  wait 
  until 
  the 
  plant 
  is 
  smothered 
  by 
  

   them 
  before 
  commencing 
  operations. 
  

  

  The 
  possibility 
  of 
  successful 
  introduction 
  and 
  spread 
  of 
  insect 
  

   diseases 
  through 
  the 
  agency 
  of 
  man 
  has 
  been 
  given 
  some 
  attention 
  

   for 
  quite 
  a 
  long 
  time. 
  

  

  Experiments 
  in 
  this 
  way 
  in 
  combating 
  Locust 
  plagues 
  in 
  Arabia, 
  

   although 
  very 
  few 
  have 
  been 
  attempted, 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  without 
  

   beneficial 
  results 
  ; 
  the 
  introduction 
  of 
  bacteria 
  into 
  the 
  locusts 
  

   bodies, 
  which 
  spreads 
  rapidly 
  from 
  one 
  insect 
  to 
  another, 
  has 
  been 
  

   fairly 
  successful 
  so 
  far. 
  

  

  The 
  terrible 
  diseases 
  to 
  which 
  so 
  much 
  attention 
  has 
  recently 
  

   been 
  drawn 
  on 
  the 
  Continent 
  of 
  Africa 
  there 
  is 
  only 
  time 
  left 
  to 
  

   mention. 
  You 
  are 
  all 
  aware 
  how 
  closely 
  related 
  they 
  all 
  are 
  to 
  

   insect 
  life. 
  Each 
  one 
  of 
  them 
  depends 
  on 
  a 
  particular 
  species 
  of 
  

   the 
  Diptera. 
  

  

  Nagana 
  or 
  " 
  Tsetse 
  " 
  fiy 
  disease, 
  spread 
  by 
  a 
  Dipteron 
  of 
  the 
  

   genus 
  Glossina, 
  says 
  Bruce, 
  who 
  discovered 
  its 
  parasite, 
  is 
  a 
  specific 
  

   disease 
  which 
  occurs 
  in 
  the 
  horse, 
  mule, 
  donkey, 
  ox, 
  dog, 
  cat 
  and 
  

   many 
  other 
  animals, 
  and 
  varies 
  in 
  duration 
  from 
  a 
  few 
  days 
  or 
  

   weeks 
  to 
  many 
  months. 
  It 
  is 
  invariably 
  fatal 
  in 
  the 
  horse, 
  donkey, 
  

   and 
  dog, 
  but 
  a 
  small 
  percentage 
  of 
  cattle 
  recover, 
  and 
  its 
  ravages 
  in 
  

   Africa, 
  have 
  been, 
  and 
  are, 
  very 
  great. 
  Westwood 
  was 
  of 
  opinion, 
  

   that 
  the 
  tsetse-fly 
  was 
  the 
  cause 
  of 
  the 
  fourth 
  plague 
  of 
  Egypt, 
  and 
  

   the 
  fifth 
  plague 
  (the 
  murrain 
  of 
  animals) 
  would 
  thus 
  have 
  been 
  the 
  

   result 
  of 
  the 
  fourth. 
  The 
  disease 
  is 
  caught 
  chiefly 
  during 
  the 
  rainy 
  

   season. 
  Stagnant 
  water 
  is 
  a 
  good 
  deal 
  responsible 
  for 
  the 
  breeding 
  

   of 
  flies, 
  especially 
  that 
  of 
  Stei/oini/ia 
  fasriata 
  the 
  yellow 
  fever 
  host. 
  

   Innoculation 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  chief 
  preventives 
  in 
  some 
  of 
  

   these 
  fly-spread 
  maladies. 
  

  

  The 
  spread 
  of 
  sleeping-sickness 
  is 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  the 
  

   Dipteron 
  G.palpalis, 
  and 
  the 
  dreaded 
  Surra 
  by 
  those 
  of 
  Trijpanosoma 
  

   evansi. 
  

  

  