76 ENTOMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 



the insect, whether the spraying be conducted with very considerably diluted kerosene 

 emulsion or with a resin wash, while durina; the winter a single application of either of 

 the three winter washes will greatly reduce the numbers of the insect. Among the 

 winter washes our experience leads us to give the preference to strong kerosene emul- 

 sion ; next, to the winter resin wash ; and finally, to the lime, salt, and sulphur mixture. 



The kerosene emulsion is now well-known to most Canadian fruit-growers ; but it 

 may be well to give it here. 



Kerosene (coal oil) , 2 gallons. 



Common soap or whale oil soap I pound. 



Water 1 gallon. 



Cut up the soap and boil in the water till all is dissolved, then add it boiling hot to 

 the coal oil; churn the whole briskly for five minutes with a syringe or force pump. 

 When the emulsion is perfect, it will adhere without oiliness to the surface of glass, and 

 when cooling forms a jelly-like mass, which can be kept indefinitely if stored in a cool 

 place and covered from dust. 



When required for use, for a summer wash dilute one part of the stock made as 

 above with nine or fifteen parts of water. To make the stock dissolve easily, take first 

 three parks of hot water to one of the emulsion, and then, when all is thoroughly mixed, 

 add sufficient cold water to make the nine or fifteen parts required ; for a winter wash. 

 mix with four and a half or nine parts of water. 



INJURIOUS FRUIT INSECTS OF THE YEAR 1894. 



By J. Fletcher, Ottawa. 



The season of 1894 has been a busy one for the practical entomologist. Not only 

 have the usual complaints come in of injury by the canker worm, codling moth, curculio, 

 cut worm, etc., but beside these there have been special developments of some well-known 

 species, and some new invaders have appeared within our borders. Of these last the 

 most notable are the Pear-tree Psylla, which occurred in large numbers in an orchard at 

 Freeman, Ont., and the San Jose scale, of which undoubted specimens were sent in from 

 British Columbia. The attention paid generally to the remedies advised by entomologists 

 is decidedly much greater to-day than it has ever been before. This is largely due to the 

 satisfactory results which have been obtained by new methods in treating insect enemies, 

 and also by the even more remarkable successes of botanists in controlling fungous dis- 

 eases. The combined application of fungicides and insecticides is still being carefully 

 studied and the practice of adding Paris green or some other arsenite to the Bordeaux 

 mixture for the treatment of fruit trees, has now been widely adopted by the best fruit- 

 growers. The late action of the British Columbian Government in condemning and 

 destroying shipments of fruits which on arrival were found to be infested by injurious 

 insects illustrates the vigorous policy which has been adopted by the Provincial Board of 

 Agriculture to protect their important fruit industry. This action will also doubtless 

 have the effect of turning the attention of careless and improvident fruit-growers to the 

 subject, and of inducing them to adopt the simple and cheap remedies which entomolo- 

 gists have been advocating for the last ten years and which must certainly result not only 

 in increased wealth to themselves and the province, but gradually in reducing very 

 materially the amount of injurious insect-presence in the Dominion. 



The insect which was the cause of the condemnation of the shipments of apples in 

 British Columbia, was the codling moth (Fig. 49 shews the work of the grub in the fruit) 

 which, remarkable as it may seem, has not as yet ])een authentically recorded as breeding 

 in British Columbia, although it is perhaps to-day the worst enemy of the apple in East- 

 ern Ontario. If it be true that the codling moth is not already established in British 

 Columbia, the wisdom of the Government of that Province in using every reasonable 

 means of keeping it out, must eommend itself to everybody. 



