ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 95 



labor under the same climatic disadvantages as the United States, but even to a certain 

 degree to European countries, where more thorough investigation of injurious insects by 

 competent persons especially appointed for the purpose is gradually becoming thought 

 worth while.* 



Great Britain. 



There is not and never has been in Great Britain a special government appropriation 

 for work in economic entomology. In 1885 Mr. Charles Whitehead suggested to the 

 I rds of the Committee of Council for Agriculture, that it would be valuable to publish 

 repoits upon insects injurious to various farm crops. He prepared, and the council pub- 

 lished, a series of lour reports upon insects injurious to the hop plant, corn and legumi- 

 nous plarts, to turnips, cabbage and other cultivated cruciferous plants, and to fruit 

 crops. In 1886 Mr. Whitehead was appointed agricultural adviser and prepared arepirt 

 upon insects and fungi injurious to crops of the farm, orchard and garden for 1887-88, 

 and in 1889 the Board of Agricultnre was formed, and Mr. Whitehead was retained 

 as technical adviser, especially with reference to insects and fungi injurious to 

 crops, but also with reference to other agricultural questions. He prepared annual 

 reports on insects and fungi for 1889, 1891 apd 1892, and a nuniber of leaflets and 

 special bulletins on in<5ects unusually prevalent from 1889 down to the present time. I 

 learn from Mr. Whitehead, that there is no specific law authorizing this expenditure ; 

 that his work has been continuous since 1887, and that he has received aa annual sum 

 of £250 only. The more important of the special bulletins and leaflets which have been 

 issufd have been : Special Report on an attack of the Diamond back Moth Caterpillar, 

 1892; Caterpillars on Fruit Trees; Hessian Fly; Moths on Fruit Trees, 1890; Apple 

 Blossom Weevil, Raspberry Moth and the Mangel Wurzel Fly, 1892; Black Currant 

 Mite, 1893 ; and the Red Spider and Apple Sucker, 1894. 



While Mr. Whitehead has, therefore, been the only governmental worker in agri- 

 cultural entomology, a very considerable work has been done in a semi-official way by an 

 untiring and public-spiiited woman, Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, who is, or rather was, in 

 her ofiicial capacity, honorary ccnt-ultirg entomologist to the Royal Agricultural Society. 

 J^rom 1876 to 1893 Miss Ormerod held this positivm ; conducted the correspondence of 

 the Royal Agricultural Society on the subject of injurious inbects, and published at her 

 own expense a series of annual reports, seventeen in number, which have contributed 

 very largely to the diffusion of knowledge concerning injurious insects in Great Britain 

 among the farming classes She has had a most conservative class of people to deal with, 

 and lias encountered many obstacles. She has shown herself ingenious, careful and 

 receptive to a degree, and at the same time pos.-essed of an enthusiasm and an unlimited 

 perseverance which are calculated to overcome all obstacles. She has studied many of the 

 English crop enemies de novo ; she has popularized the work of other English entomolo;:;ists, 

 and has made accessible to the agricultural class the work of John Curtis and Prof. West- 

 wood, and has adopted, and strongly advocated the adoption of, measures found to be 

 successlul in other countries, particuiaily in America. The good which Miss Ormerod 

 has accomplished can hardly be estimated at the present time, but she will deserve, at 

 the hands of posterity, canonization as the patron saint of economic entomology in 

 England. 



Aside fi'om her annual reports, Mias Ormerod has published a large work entitled, 

 Manual of Injurious Insects and Methods of Prevention, and numerous smaller works, 

 treating of the Hessian fly, sugarcane insects and the injurious insects of South Africa, 

 the last two being devoted to the agricultural interests of the English colonies. 



* We regret that our space will not permit us to publish the whole of Mr. Howard's address. We are 

 reluctantly compelled to omit his account of the work in foreign countries. — Ed. 



