ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OE ONTARIO. 101 



dinary work of spraying, and a one hor.-e machine with a powerful force pump for knock- 

 ing off plant-lice, cottony scale, etc. Various other tools and appliances are used for the 

 removal of egg masses, webs, bag-worm, cases, larvie, etc. The poisons used are those 

 that are now quite com^ionly accepted to be the best, viz., London purple, Paris green, 

 kerosene, crude petroleum, crude carbolic acid, bisulphurefc of carbon, hellebore, pyreth- 

 rum, and others. The insect that requires the most attention the year round is (Jrgi/ia 

 leucostigma. Fig. 56, the male moth; fig. 57, (a) the wingless female, (b) a young larva ; 

 tig 58, (c) the male chrysalis, {d) the female. This species is reduced in several ways. 



(1) By hand-picking, by which means barrels of the cocoons and egg masses are re- 

 moved each year. This work is carried on through the entire winter, when all (he parks 

 have to be gone over and the trees put in as good condition as possible. 



(2) By jarring the larvte (fig. 59) down _ - --. 



with a pole so arranged that a l»low from ^ sv " ,,^^ 



mallet on a projection placed at the larger ^^.^ ^^ ' v._^ 



end of the pole, will jar down any that may 

 be on the limb. 



(3) By poiijoning the foliage with Lon- 

 don purple, which is quite effective, and y ^,_ 



used especially on very large trees that / ~~~^0 ^ 



cannot be treated otherwise. 



Fig. 59. 



(4) By spraying the trunks of large 

 trees that are covered with cocoons with an emulsion of petroleum and carbolic aci(J. 

 This spray put on with force will penetrate most of the cocoons and desti'oy the pupfc or 

 larvae witbm, and many of the eggs that may have been deposited on the outside. This 

 last method is only resorted to when we are unable to subdue ttiem in other ways. Larger 

 quantities of the cocoons of this insect are collected each year and taken to the arsenal, 

 where the parasites when bred are allowed to escape from the windows of the building ta 

 continue their work of parasitism. 



The bag-worm, that at one time defoliated whole sections of the park, has been so- 

 subdued that it no longer gives us much trouble. Barrels of their cases have been removed 

 from the trees, and each year we remove all that appear in devastating numbers as far as 

 it is possible to do so. 



The European leopard moth (Zenzera ptjrina) is one of the worst insects we have ta 

 contend with. It works in secret, and not until the damage is done can we locate it. 

 Last season we spent two months on this insect alone, collecting and destroying the 

 larva' and pupie. All the affected limbs were collected, the insects removed, and then 

 the limbs were taken to the damp and destroyed by tire, in this way making the work 

 complete. A great many wagon-loads were so collected and destroyed, and this work mani- 

 fested itself this year in the lesser number of trees affected. This year we continued the 

 work of collecting, but were only able to give two weeks to it, but with the aid of the 

 gardeners we were able to destroy a great many. I believe the work we have done with 

 this insect alone, has saved thousands of trees in our parks that would otherwise have 

 been either destroyed or deformed. This question is a serious one when we are consider- 

 ing such valuable representations of our Silva as are collected in our city parks, for when 

 a limb is amputated by this insect the stub is sure to die, and if the fungus does liot im- 

 mediately take possession of it, it will be amputated by a so-called gardener, who does not 

 see the advisability of protecting the scar from fungi and insects; and here is offered a 

 tield for the greedy fungi, whose ever-present spores are ready to grow when the proper 

 field offers itself, and they hardly ever fail to take possession, and all over, our tine elms 

 can be seen with groups of Agaricus ulniarius in all stages of growth. This close j^run- 

 ing, without proper protection from insects and fungi, is one of the most important ques- 

 tions of our times, for every year great numbers of trees are destroyed for want of proper 

 protection and a knowledge of seasonable pruning. 



