10 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 



pounded or swung around, or else in a vessel quite similar to our old-fashioned barrel 

 churn. It is not very many years since the old-fashioned dash churn and implements of 

 thiskind were used for the manufacture bothof butter and cheese. Then someone introduced 

 the application of power, such as horse power, steam power, the introduction of the box 

 churn and one after another applications of the various kinds of machinery began to be 

 made, till now what have we to-day 1 We have a machine that can be set up in the barn 

 to milk the cows. Although this machine is in an undeveloped condition, nevertheless it 

 does its work and proves we are on the right track. That milk drawn by a machine can 

 now be put into another machine and by means of it the skim-milk comes out of one 

 spout and the cream out of another. This cream can be put into another vessel or machine, 

 and by proper temperature and the addition of a substance somewhat resembling yeast, 

 a fermentation can be started, and just that kind of fermentation that we desire in con- 

 nection with it. After the fermentation has gone on a certain time this can be put into 

 another machine and churned, and after churning it can be worked and packed by 

 machinery. So that now it is possible, although not altogether practical, from the very 

 milking to the putting of the finished article on the market, to do the whole of the 

 work by machinery. This wonderful progress has taken place within the last quarter of 

 a century. 



As we look at farming in its ditferent aspects, machinery has been applied at this 

 point and that point, and agriculture is being put on an equality with the manufacturing 

 establishments of our towns and cities. You ask yourselves this question, " Why have our 

 great manufactures in the towns and cities developed 1" The principal reason for this is 

 in the application of machinery to the work. Why is it that machinery has been developed 

 in connection with all these other industries and yet it has taken so long to bring the 

 attention of inventors to the work of agriculture 1 Well, one reason is that there has 

 been DO gieat necessity for it until recent years. We sometimes hear it said that the 

 men are leaving the farms because they are not required, because so much machinery has 

 been brought in that a man with a machine can now do as much work as a man and two 

 hired men could do before. There is another side to that question, viz., because of this 

 drawing away of so many farmers' sons from the farms to the towns and cities, because 

 of the wiint, therefore the suppl\ of machinery has been produced. Both of these things 

 no doubt have been efiective. That is, machinery has been produced because it has been 

 required ; and people have left the country since they were not required because of the 

 presence of machinery. According to the census of 1891 there were farmers and farmers' 

 sons in Canada to the number of 649,50G, in 1881 there 656,712. From '81 to '91 the 

 number of farmers and farmers' sons in Canada decreased by over 7,000, yet during that 

 period we had the opening up of Manitoba and also of the North-West, and the agricul- 

 tural product of Canada is greater today than it ever was before. If you put these two 

 or three facts together you can easily see the ereat part machinery has been playing in con- 

 nection with agriculture in Canada for the last ten years. Although the number of farmers 

 decreased to the extent of 7,000, nevertheless the total output of agriculture has vastly 

 increased. This is owing to a great extent to the application of improved machinery in 

 connection with agriculture. 



The next point in connection with agriculture that I wish to refer to is one that 

 comes as a sort of rider to the last ; a companion to it, namely, the application of science to 

 agriculture. Now, in certain quarters the moment you begin to talk about the science of 

 agriculture and scientific farming an objection is raised and people say there is nothing 

 scientific about it, it is all practice, and when you find a scientific farmer you find a 

 farmer who does not make much progress. 



I desire to give a few facts to show that science has been applied quite 

 successfully to the improvement of agriculture in this country, and further, that just as 

 we bring to bear upon agriculture the latest and best developments of the different sciences, 

 so we may expect agriculture to make improvement. One of the great reasons why 

 agriculture remained on a dead level for so many centuries was simply because the atten- 

 tion of scientific men had not been directed to agriculture as a field for investigation. 

 Scientists had been expending their time aud energy with the work that is carried on in 



