20 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 



pumps and nozzles, and the latter are quite as important as the former. We have 

 now several good pumps manufactured in Canada ; but the best nozzles are the Ver- 

 morel and the MicGrowan The former is a modification of the Cyclone nozzle, invented 

 by Prof. Riley and his staff, of the United States Division of Entomology ; the principle 

 of this nozzle is that the liquid is forced tangentially into a small chamber, so as to 

 strike the other side of the chamber ; it is then forced through a minute central 

 orifice, which has the effect of breaking up the liquid into a very fine spray. Too much 

 importance cannot be attached to the fact that the liquid must be broken up into as fine 

 a spray as possible, so that a very small quantity of the liquid may be used, and that it 

 may be carried all through the foliage and left as a fine dew on the whole surface. In 

 this way sufficient of the poison is deposited to destroy the insect enemies ; at the 

 same time, little is used, and there is no injury to the foliage. 



During the past summer, there has probably been considerably more spr tying done 

 than ever before. This is largely due, of course, to efforts that have been made to bring 

 this excellent method of preventing loss to the notice of fruit growers at the proper 

 season. In Ontario much attention was drawn to the subject Ust year by some experi- 

 ments carried out by Mr. John Craig, Horticulturist to the Central Experimental Farm, 

 in a few orchards of Western Ontario. These experiments were very much extended 

 and vigorously prosecuted during the past summer by instruction of the Hon John 

 Dryden, Minister of Agriculture, who recognizes fully the value of this work to the 

 province. The operations were put into the efficient hands of Mr. A. H. Pettit, who 

 visited a great number of stations throughout the province, giving instructions and sup- 

 erintending the spraying of the orchards at regular intervals. The full account of this 

 useful work will be published by the Department ; but I many mention that Mr. Pettit 

 has informed me that, on the whole, they have been very satisfactory. 



In view of all that has been done by the Government of the country to distribute 

 accurate information as to the best way of preventing injury to fruits by insect and 

 fungous enemies, it certainly is a disgrace to our Canadian fruit growers that apples and 

 other fruits are exposed for sale in this country, and exported to foreign markets in the 

 spotted and blemished condition that is frequently the case. It is disgraceful because it 

 is unnecessary. The t'vo enemies, which are the cause of the greater part of this injury, 

 are the Black Spot, a fungous disease, and the Codling Moth, the larva of which is the 

 well known " apple worm " Satisfactory remedies for both of these have been found ; 

 the Bordeaux mixture tor the former, and Paris green for the latter. The cost of spray- 

 ing these washes over the trees is very little, compared with the great saving which is 

 made in the quantity and quality of the fruit harvested. Although it is true that the 

 number of different kinds of insects which may attack our crops is very large, the actual 

 number of those which are likely to appear every year is comparatively small ; of these 

 by far the larger proportion have been already studied and remedies have been published in 

 the oflBcial reports, which are available for all who ask for them. 



Before closing I must refer to one more subject, namely, the Horn-fly of cattle, which, 

 of late years, has done so much harm among our dairy herds, but about which, from know- 

 ing the details of its behaviour since it was introduced into America, entomologists were at 

 once able to give encouragement to dairymen, that in a year or two the virulence of its 

 attacks would be much diminished. This prediction, I am glad to say, has proved 

 correct ; while, two years ago, in this very district, the loss in milk supplied to cheese 

 factories was stated to be nearly 'fifty per cent, of the whole supply, last year it was 

 much less, and during the present season, as far as I can learn, it has been brought down 

 to only five per cent. Next year and thereafter, I hope confidently, that the annoyance 

 from this insect will be reduced so much as to require no more attention than is given 

 to-day to the ordinary cattle fly {Stomoxys calcifrans, L.) 



Now, Mr. Chairman, I maintain that all this saving, to which I have referred, has 

 been brought about from the development of the science of entomology. Science is a 

 terrible word in the eyes of some people ; but, after all, it is merely an illustration of the 

 affectation of the age ; some people like to use long words where short ones would do as 

 well or better, or to use Latin where plain English would do. Science is a Latin word 



