20 RANUNCULACEZ.. 
Prof. Fluckiger remarks:—“ The alkaloid which Wasowicz 
extracted from A. heterophyllum in wy laboratory is the same — 
as that yielded by the Wakhma tubers.” 
Commerce —Bikhma is brought in small parcels to the Indian — 
cities by religious mendicants. Value Rs. 2 to Rs. 6 per Ib. — 
according to the quantity in the market. 
JADWAR. 
The great purifier, or antidote. Arabic form of the Persian 
Zadwar 51,0} quasi )'y .¢!s3 In Altius the Greek form is ¢é80ap 
and Myrepsus writes t¢erévapiov. The Persian plant is also : 
called Mah-parwin (Moon and Pleiades), probably because — 
it blossoms in the beginning of summer when the Pleiades” 
rise. Macer calls it Zedoar,— : 
“‘ Adprimé sumptis zedoar obstare venenis i" 
Affirmant.” ; 
History, Uses, &c.—The history of this drug is beset 
with many difficulties, on account of the vague meaning of the 
term Jadw4r; the name by which it is generally known, and 
which appears properly to mean the great antidote. Under | 
Jadwar, the author of the Makhzan-el-Adwiya gives Antila as q 
the Arabic name, and Séturyas* as the Greek. Speaking of 3 
Bish he says that the Hindus suppose that the only plant — 
which can grow near it is the Jadwar, which is an antidote to 
it, and that they also affirm that there is a kind of rat, 
called ‘Bish mush bisha,’ which lives upon Jadwér, and is an 
antidote to Bish; this is the Bika Bish Mush of Ibn Sina. 
__ * Dioscorides describes two kinds of cariptoy (IIT. 134-135), both reputed — 
to be aphrodisiacal; see also Pliny on Satyrion (26, 62, 6 Apuléiues 
Platonicus says of Satyrion: Alii cinos, alii panion, Galli vie, 2 Greens 
satyrion, alii ennaticon, alli serpinon, Itali priapiseum, tus orcisalitexion, — 
alii eriton, alii mene, alii torminalis, Neophytus speaks of dyroupa as an — 
antidote ; speaking of Zedoar he says Zoure 82 Enpo kal HeAavt pxpe Kagrave. 
(It is like a small, dry, black chestnut.) Barbosa mentions Zedoaria and 
Zeruban as two distinct drugs on sale at Cannanore. (Ch, Betecuea dé | 
Homon. sub voce Gedwar.) : 
