1919.) 171 



Donisthorpe) is seen on the trees phiving round nearly every larva. 

 Ant^ and larvae were put away together in the lahoratory in a damp jar 

 with twigs of Zlzijplms. The ants lived for at least twelve days, as 

 isolated workers away from their nest, they were never seen to feed at 

 the honey-gland. Onee a larva was seen to run over a larva near the 

 honey-gland, it did not stop, tap with the antennae, or an34hing, but a 

 small drop exuded from the mouth of the gland. The ant took no notice 

 and the drop remained till it dried up. 



If an ant even touches a larva, at once one or both pillars (fans) 

 shoot out, hut the ant appears to take no notice. In captivity the ants 

 were generally to be found on the same leaf as the larvae, and after 

 pupation they similarly hung about near the pupsp. One larva lived 

 eleven days and moulted three times, without ever having an ant near 

 it, yet it flourished. 



Pupation. — Naturally and in captivity this takes ])lace in the 

 hollow underside of a leaf on the tree. The leaf is not bound to the tree 

 by threads. There is a single girth round the pupa at or about the third 

 abdominal segment. There is a slight silk pad at the tail end of the 

 pupa. In a few cases observed ])upation took place in the early after- 

 noon. The period in pupa is 64 days. (Tn June in Mesopotamia the 

 shade temperature rises to 110 ' on many days.) 



Description of Pupa. — The colour varies considerably, dorsally 

 from very pale creamy buff to dark brown. Thorax generally darker 

 than the rest of the dorsum. Intersegmental membranes pale. Heart 

 as a distinct grey line pulsating visibly to the end of the fifth day. In 

 pale pup;e, the stigmata show, being placed in dark clouds, especially the 

 first abdominal stigma. (This should probably be second, as the first is 

 covered by the wings. — T. A. C.) Venter of the same colour, but very 

 pale and pellucid, the green of the leaf showing through. At the end 

 of the pupal period the whole pupa darkens and becomes opaque, of 

 coui'se ; the eye-caps darken and become blackish, crossed at the top by 

 the pale line of the antennse. 



Description of Larva — Last Starje. — The general colour is pale 

 apple-green, just the shade of the undersurface of the young Zizijplnts 

 leaf. Very wide " fringe " whitish, mid-dorsal ridge appearing as a 

 distinct yellow streak, under a binocular it is seen to consist of whitish 

 spines on a yellow ground. This streak begins at the second thoracic 

 segment, and is widest there, and is red-brown in the middle. It runs 

 right away to the very tip of the upper surface, barring an interruption 

 in the honey-gland area. The honey-gland area is very slightly yellower 



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