1874.] 33 



the more rcceut observations of Asmusa and Lacoi'daire (whose chissi- 

 fication given in his 'Introduction a FEntomologie,' vol. ii, pp. 414 

 — 452, is founded chiefly on that of Saint Ilihiire). 



Setting also aside those monstrous hybrid creatures, which have 

 resulted from the pairing of animals of distinct species, we find : — 



First, a series of monsters, in which the characters of the two 

 ordinarily separate sexes are more or less distinctly to be traced. 

 These are the gynandromorphous insects, which have the body most 

 commonly divided into two distinctly sexual halves, one side being 

 masculine, and the other femimine.J 



Secondlv, wehave a series of individuals with mis-shapen bodies or 

 limbs, which have one or more of their organs of an unusual form or 

 structure. These are the ' monstra per fabricam alienam ' of the 

 German authors, and form the section of ' Vices de conformation ' of 

 Lacordaire's system, and which are excluded by him from the real 

 monsters. 



Thirdly, the monsters which want one or more of the organs of 

 the species, and which are the 'monstra per defectum ' of the Germans 

 or the ' monstres ectromeliens ' of the French writers. 



Fourthly, those individuals which have supplemental organs, or 

 parts of organs, the ' monstra per excessum' of the Germans, and the 

 ' monstres polymeliens ' of the French. 



Fifthly, those monsters which have two or more organs coalesced 

 into one (monstres symeliens). 



Sixthly, monsters which have the body open along a portion of its 

 length (monstres par scission). 



Seventhly, those insects which, in the imago, retain one or more 

 of the organs of their preparatory states (' monstres par arret do de- 

 veloppcmont '*). 



The ' Anomali£o magnitudinis ' of Meckel, and the ' MonslTa per 

 colorem alienum ' of Asmuss, appear to belong to some of llie former 

 groups — the gigantic or dwarfish condition of the animal being evi- 

 dently a simple variation, the latter induced, in most cases, by in- 

 Bufiicient food— whilst the different colouration of the opposite wings 

 in Lepidopte7'a is often clearly the effect of gynaudromorphism. 



t A curious scriea of specimens, in which the additional sexual chanctcr occurs in only a 

 hIpkIc or^'aii, or portiou of a single organ, is represented in one of the plutea of my ' Thesaurus 

 Enluinulcigicus.' 



* In addition to the various Instances recorded, in which the head of the larva has been 

 retained in the perfect state, a case has been recently recorded by Mr. liiitler, at the Meeting of 

 the Kiitoniologicul Society of London, May 'Ith, IST'l. in whi.h llie rii,'ht wiuK's of the jicacock 

 liiittcrfly, Vanfssa lo, were completely developed, whilst the left wings were umluveloped. the 

 tail of the ciirysiili.s hiving become detached during the process of emerging, and the butterfly 

 not possessing the power to get rid of the left side of the pupa case. Another iustanco has .also 

 been recently recorded of a chrysalia of Pontia xipce found with the head caao covered with 

 the head case of the larva Toujude, iu Bull. Soc. Eut. Franco [.^I, ii, p. Ixxxiii). 



