90 C-^P"i, 



the next day, were as bare as after the first frosts of winter. I noticed 

 that other insects made a speedy clearance when the locusts were 

 numerous. No doubt enormous numbers of larvse and pupse were 

 devoured, and I notice that butterflies have been unusually scarce in 

 Kulu, and this is doubtless due to the same cause. 



Probably, many butterflies, which were unusually scarce or ab- 

 sent this season, yet remain to be added to my list. Perhaps some 

 other entomologist, who has collected in these hills, m^U kindly favour 

 us with a list of the species I have not yet met with. The Himalayas, 

 or, at any rate, that part of them known as the Murree Hills, are so 

 well known that little need be said about them by way of description. 

 Murree is 7,700 ft. above the sea, but so near the torrid plains that 

 insects partial to this elevation do not largely flourish. Kalabagh, 

 where I resided for five months, is exactly 8000 ft. alt., and being 

 further in the hills is very central for collecting purposes. 



At this elevation two species of pine, P. longifolia and P. excelsa, 

 and a fir, Ahies Wehhiana, flourish very extensively. The other trees 

 are mostly oaks and chestnuts. Undergrowth is thick in places, but 

 the forests are so intersected by wood cutters' paths, that progression 

 is easy, were it not for the steepness of the hill sides, which are fre- 

 quently precipitous. It is not difl3,cult to pass in a short time from 

 9000 or 8000 ft. to 3000 ft., but travelling upwards is tedious and 

 exhausting, though it is interesting to note the gradual change of the 

 flora and insect fauna at the different elevations. The last season was 

 very deficient in rainfall : usually the rains begin about the first week 

 in July, and end the middle of September. Life is then passed in 

 cloudland, with limited view of one's surroundings, and everything 

 is damp and miserable. After the rains the weather becomes cool and 

 pleasant, and the views of the distant snows magnificent. The butter- 

 flies are of a decided European character, and often the result of a 

 day's collecting will show only specimens which one is perfectly 

 familiar with at home. 



Abbottabad is forty miles from Murree, and almost due north of 

 it, with an elevation of 4200 ft. 



The other places I have mentioned are in the hills between these 

 two stations. 



Species occurring at Eawal Pindi I have marked with an asterisk. 



*Danais LimincBa, Cram. — Very common in gardens in April and May, and 

 again after the rains ; occurs also on the lower ranges of hills and up to 7000 ft. ; 

 it is abundant also in November at Pindi. *D. Genutia, Cram. —Abundant at low 

 elevations at the same seasons as the above. *i>. Chiysij^pus, L. — Not by any 

 means common, and decidedly rare above 7000 ft. 



