NOTES OF A TRIH TO THK SIKKKA DK \.A DK.MANDA ANH :\ION(:Ayo. 189 



believe I made some remarks on the specimens (tlaere were two) at the 

 time, although the exhibition appears to have passed out of Mr. Brooks' 

 mind just at present ; (3) ab. e.vtcusa, in which the outer band of the hind- 

 wing reaches to the hindmargin. In the actual specimen figured, both 

 wings are of the same tint, the difference in the plate being merely due 

 to the photography. I would here thank Mr. Brooks and Mr. Burrows, 

 the former for the use of the photographs for the plate, the latter for 

 his energy in obtaining for me the sight of an exceptionally fine lot of 

 aberrations of this species, which I have dealt with at length in 

 British Lepidnptera, vol. iv. Perhaps some day Mr. Brooks will give 

 us a detailed paper on his work with this species, illustrating it with 

 the other interesting photographs he has relating to various stages of 

 this species. — J. W. Ttttt.] 



Notes (chiefly on lepidoptera) of a trip to tlie Sierra de la Demanda 

 and Moncayo (Burgos and Soria) Spain {u-ith ma/t and tin-,;' /i/atrs). 



By T. A. CHAPMAN. M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S. 

 [Concluded from p. 126.) 



It is still supposed by many entomologists that female moths, and 

 especially some butterflies, are much fewer in number than the males. 

 I need not say, perhaps, as I have said it before, that I find it im- 

 possible to believe that the- facts on which this belief rests at all 

 justify it. It is very common at the beginning of the season of a 

 species to see an overwhelming preponderance of naales, but, later, it is 

 not uncommon to see hardly any specimens but females. One or two 

 observations bear on this subject. Near Canales, Aporia crataeni was 

 by no means rare in places, but the insects on the wing were nearly 

 all males. On two occasions I found pairs, in cop., well hidden away 

 amongst the foliage of blackthorn-bushes, and in one of these cases 

 the wings of the female were barely fully expanded, and her empty 

 pupa-case was close by. Various Satyrids, and especially Kpine- 

 plu'lc pasipJiar, were observed to be common in places, at first few 

 females were seen, but the males of E. pasiphae were always dodging 

 in and out amongst the herbage, often hardly coming out at all from 

 under the shelter of bushes of Gcuista scorpiiis or blackthorn, which 

 protected the low plants from being grazed down. So much was this 

 the case that it was rarely easy to net a specimen if desired ; and it 

 fully explained how this somewhat delicate fly was so commonly worn 

 and injured. One could not doubt that these butterflies were in search 

 of the females, which remained hidden in such places, and did not fly 

 till oviposition made this a necessity. Females were certainly rare at 

 this period, but later were commoner than males. A very similar 

 procedure was noted in E. ida, Epi)iephele titlmnus, and Pararffe ecferia. 



Papilio padalirina was not uncommon at Canales, and I saw there 

 two exceedingly dark specimens, and was vexed at being unable to capture 

 either of them, and satisfied myself wnth the paler form, of which I 

 brought home only one specimen, this one proves to be really a very 

 dark specimen, which makes me the more regret the escape of the dark 

 ones. The Aporia crataei/i, which were common at Canales, usually 

 presented a good dark line along the discoidal nervure, and one ? , 

 notwithstanding her translucency, has this very large and repeated on 

 the bin dwing, the underside of which has the light scales of a deep 



