GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION OF HEODES PHL^AS. 171 



Greerford, Middlesex. The four broods were raised together. Eggs 

 laid August 5th-31st. There was considerable mortality in the larvte 

 and some of those that were smallest on September 24th were turned 

 out. The first emerged September 13th, and up to October 9th, 240 

 emerged. On October 6th, the temperature fell decidedly, especially 

 the night temperature, and remained low for two or three weeks, 60 

 emerged during, and just after, this period — October 10th-20th, 50; 

 October 28rd-28th, 9 ; and one on November 7th. Of the whole 

 number five or six are slightly suffused and with dark veins. These 

 were amongst the earliest emergences (up to the date of first emerg- 

 ence the mean maximum temperature was 71*2°F.). Amongst the mass 

 of emergences of ordinary aspect were five remarkable for their small 

 size (about 19mm.), and not very different from 20 to 25 that emerged 

 amongst the last 50 or 60, of which some were as small as 21mm., 

 these were also pale in the copper and rather weakly spotted. Apart 

 from discoverable temperature effects, some specimens were remarkable 

 for having the row of spots less in pairs than usual, but more in a con- 

 tinuous sweep (like hippothoe and cDiiphidaums), and others had them 

 very close up to the discal spot ; there is much variation in width of dark 

 margin, and exact position and size of spots without anything strikingly 

 extreme. Blue spots were fairly represented in all forms. 



The American H. hijpoiMaeas, as described by Scudder, agrees very 

 closely indeed with the Lapland form. The specimens differ 

 in one point. The three large apical spots that lie in a 

 slightly curved line, one in each interneural space, are con- 

 tinued, in my specimens bred at 95°F., by one or two others 

 in the next one or two spaces, continuing exactly the sweep 

 of the curve of the three below. Average English and many European 

 examples are without any trace of these extra spots, and Scudder 

 makes no mention of their occurrence in any American forms. In the 

 European specimens, the first of them is not unfrequently present, but 

 does not continue the line of the three below, and occupies a more 

 apical position. This spot is always present (or almost always) in the 

 Lapland specimens, and, in them, is very decidedly more apical, so as 

 to seem moved outward, just as the lowest of the three is beyond the 

 upper one of the pair below. In a considerable proportion of the 

 Lapland specimens the second of these extra spots is present, and lies 

 in the line of the three spots, without reference to the dislocation of 

 the preceding one. Beneath, the spots are repeated, and where both 

 are present, they look like a pair standing above, and one to either 

 side of, the top of the three usual spots. Although the dislocation of 

 the first extra spots is so variable in amount, or even absent (as in my 

 bred ones), I have not seen sufficient specimens possessing them to say 

 how far it marks a peculiarity of race. It is certain, however, that 

 this pronounced development of these spots in the Lapland specimens, 

 contrasts very decidedly with their absence in American forms. One, 

 would, however, expect to meet with them in some American speci- 

 mens, even although so careful an observer as Scudder had not seen 

 them. 



Mr. jMoore showed a specimen from the Himalayas, from whose 

 upper Avings all copper had disappeared, except a few spots outside the 

 row of spots, though the hindwing was nearly typical and with blue 

 spots. American specimens from Indiana (U.S.A.), Cape Breton and 



