158 THE entomologist's record. 



fibres of the paper, not amounting to bits of papers, but little more 

 than the few fibres one might suppose the larva to pull off as a 

 mouthful. The paper had little or no silk lining, except to attach the 

 covers of openings. The pupa possesses a cremaster, but of such little 

 efficiency that the pupa almost at once comes loose Avhen the cocoon 

 is opened. 



Pupa : The pupa is of a rich lively red-brown (a common pale 

 chitinous pupal colour), the anal segment darker, and cremastral spine 

 nearly black ; 12-5mm. long, 3-5mm. thick, at the 3rd and 4th abdo- 

 minal segments. The most marked features of the form of the pupa 

 is one seen in other Geometers, viz., the appearance that the appendages 

 and wings are added to the pupa on the outside, and are not as in 

 Noctiia, Xotodunta, etc., worked into the general outline. Thus, seen 

 laterally, the ventral line, where it reaches the end of the wings, 

 antennae, etc., drops back suddenly to the 5th abdominal segment ; 

 again, viewed dorsally, at the end of the wings the pupa suddenly 

 narrows in half the length of the 4th abdominal segment from 8-5mm. 

 to 2-5mm. The metathorax and first four abdominal segments, though 

 normally rounded, lie, as it were, in a trough, the wing margins rising 

 suddenly on either side, i.e., the segments are formed in a circle, 2-5mm. 

 in diameter, the wings are moulded to 3-5mm. Seen dorsally, the 

 pupa is rounded in front, about 8mm. wide at mesothorax, gradually 

 widening to 3-6mm. at the 4th abdominal, 2-5mm. at the 5th abdo- 

 minal, and tapering to the 9th abdominal, 0-8mm. wide. The dorsum 

 is fairly straight from the mesothorax to where the tail begins to taper. 

 Ventrally, the face projects forward a little at front of mesothorax, the 

 height is 2mm., thence the ventral line has a convex curve to the end 

 of the antenna, 8-2mm. from front. The spiracle of the 2nd and 3rd 

 abdominals, and to a slighter degree of the 4th, have the appearance 

 of having been pushed backwards by the Avings, and of having shoved 

 up concentric folds in front of them in this movement. The tips of 

 the maxilhv project about 0*5mm. beyond the wings, and are supported 

 by the antennae and second legs (and third behind maxillae ?). The 

 second legs are very narrow, ending in a long slender point forwards, 

 and are then shut off from the face by the first legs, which reach 

 within a millimetre of the end of the wings. The wings show the 

 veins markedly as slightly raised lines, and end in a Poulton's line, 

 where there is a sharp angle, the fall from wing to bod}^ level being 

 almost entirely in the slope of the strip beyond the line, which is, as 

 usual, unmarked by venation. The antennae show the pectination well; 

 the cremastral spine is conical, about 0'4mm. long, rugose, with fine 

 wrinklings and ends in two harp-shaped spikes ; laterally are three or 

 four, on each side, extremely fine bristles, also S-shaped, so weak and 

 slender that one is not surprised at the slight hold the cremaster takes 

 of the silk of the cocoon. 



Dehiscence. — The head, head-parts, and legs separate in one piece, 

 but remain attached by some shreds of internal membrane (third legs ?) 

 to the 4th abdominal segment. The antennal bases may be slightly 

 separate from the head, and in one specimen one eye-cover has fallen 

 out, and the dorsal headpiece has fallen separate. The prothorax 

 splits dorsally, and each half remains attached to the mesothorax by 

 thin membrane, that often gives way. The mesothorax splits dorsally 

 for about one-third of its length. The ? pupa differs from the ^ in 



