THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BOGS ABOVE THE ZURICHERSEE. 279 



marked, but never to the extent of our *' southern " English 

 form with its fulvous external rings. The ? s on the upper- 

 side are, on the whole, paler than the <? s, one has the appear- 

 ance of a large 5 C. pamiihilns, both in tint, shape, and spotting. 

 The most beautiful, however, is a ? with the hindwings uniform 

 silky-grey, of the tint sometimes indicated marginally = ab. postenujrisea, 

 n. ab. One $ with only a single spot at anal angle of hindwing, the 

 rest of the spots obsolete, is distinctly of the laidion form, which here 

 then occurs as an aberration. Nothing here reaches quite what we, in 

 Britain, call )>hilo.ve)iiis. Working on through the bog, we at last 

 struck rather drier ground, with a few beech and alder trees forming a 

 sort of hedge between a sloping bank and the rising ground on the 

 other side, the bog at this point forming merely a narrow strait or ditch. 

 Here, on the flowers, (xonepteri/.r rhawni was in great abundance, with 

 Epineplu'le ianira, etc., whilst from a Centaurea flower I netted a freshly- 

 emerged ^ linralis betulae. Round the trees a few of the dark 

 form of Parar<ie cgeria were observed, and here, too, was yet another 

 freshly -emerged Eitvanessa antiopa. The open woods came down to the 

 edge of the narrowed bog, and, with the woods, An/i/nnis adippe, Erebia 

 aethiops, and other interesting species appeared, whilst a single Celastrina 

 arcjiolus was netted by Mr. Muschamp on a slope near. As the wood receded 

 again, the bank offered attractions, especially as the bog nearly disappeared 

 on the other side of the ditch and cultivated meadows almost reached 

 us. These banks were peculiar, for, although sloping sufficiently one 

 would think to be drained easily, they were so supplied with water from 

 the springs that everywhere trickled from the wood, and so tenacious in 

 their hold on the water that one observed the peculiar phenomenon 

 of a bog on a distinct slope, and so spongy, that one readily sank to 

 one's boot-tops in water. Here and there, over the whole of this bog 

 area. Pofiilio machaon might be occasionally seen, reminding one of 

 the species at Wicken, but hardly common it would appear. 



Such were our impressions of the first sight of a " tiphon " bog, a wide 

 upland morass, covered with wild flowers that produced much besides 

 C. tiplum. The character of the bog resembled that where C. tiphon 

 seems always to occur, but the surrounding country brought such a 

 wealth of insects into its near neighbourhood that one can hardly 

 separate its fauna from that of the surrounding woods, meadows and 

 orchards, and its comparative narrowness made it no barrier to the 

 ready passage of the butterflies from the one side to the other, whilst 

 the abundance of flowers attracted and kept many a passer-by. Hence 

 one found Leptidia sijiapis, with the three common Pierids. Colias edusa 

 and C. hyale fly over, only staying to visit the flowers, but Fieris 

 rapae and P. napi both abound, whilst (Tnneptertjx rlimiini is quite at 

 home everywhere, except on the absolutely wet-areas ; Knodia Jnjper- 

 anthiis swarmed beyond any species that may be considered a true 

 "bog" inhabitant, whilst worn Aiiyicules sylranits mid Adopaea Jiava 

 were equally distributed, although newly-emerged Thymelicns acteon 

 were only to be found on the drier edges, leading to the open slopes 

 that stretch up into the woods. Similarly, as already noted, Cyanins 

 seiiiian/Hs, of large size, appeared to be as much at home in the 

 wet parts of the bog as did Lyraena alcon, whilst Polyouiiiiatiis u-arus 

 also maintained its position there, but, perhaps, rather as a border- 

 species than otherwise, a term which also might be applied to Coeyion- 



