The Migration and Dispersal of Insects. 



By J. ^fI. TUTT, F.E.S. 



(Demy 8vo. 1B2 pages, os. net.) 



Chapter I : Genekal Considerations. — Movements of insects — Irregulai* dispersal 

 movements— Power of flight— At sea— Means of dispersal— WalJace's views— Importation 

 —Limitations — Foodplant —Climate- Unsuitability— Adaptation — Antiquity — Fossil 

 insects— Ancient and recent elements of faunas. 



Chapter II : Coccids and Aphides.— Characters— Distribution— Sedentary habits- 

 Immense distances spread— Means of distribution— Local movements— Of Temphigians— 

 Phylloxera vasfntri.T—Generiil movements of Aphides— Reproduction — Parthenogenesis — 

 Blight— Drowned hordes— Migration and ants— Other migrating Hemiptera. 



Chapter III : ORTHoriERA. — Migratory " locusts "—Size of liights- Influence of food 

 — Antiquity — Irregularity of invasions— Direction— Migration of larval forms— "Voet- 

 gangers" — Winged forms at sea— Locusts common to Old and New Worlds— Migratory 

 locusts of the Old World— Migrations over Britain— 1842 to 1876— Flights in Asia and 

 Africa— Algerian swarms -Devastations during last 1000 years— Locust years of 19th 

 century — Migrations in America — Report of the U.S. commission— Favourable conditions 

 —-Height reached by swarms — Night movements — " Voetgangers " in N. America — 

 Direction— S. American migratory species— Depredations in Chili and Argentina— in S. 

 Africa— in Australia — Darwin's observations— Migration of Gryllids— of Cockroaches — 

 Origin of movements — Destruction of immigrants — Connection between migratory instinct 

 of this and other ordei's. 



Chapter IV : Odonata. — Migrating European dragonflies — At sea— 1701 migration— 

 Observations— The 1852 migration— Immense distribution— Libellulids common to Palae- 

 arctic and Nearctic regions— Migrations of L. qnadrimaculata in Sweden, at Shoeburyness. 

 Dover, Heligoland— Details of 1839 swarm— Probable cause— Swarms of Aiutx medlter- 

 raneus, ^schna mixta, .-E. gmndis — Alpine swarms — Swarm drowned in Mediterranean — 

 Distribution of Pantala flavesccm and Tholymis tillarga — Aappearance in the China Sea 

 —Anax ephippiger at sea— Movements of Mschna honariensis—Lihellula qiiadrimacidata 

 in Wisconsin— Summary of migrations— Hagen on 18-52 flight— Sedentary species— British 

 immigrants— Casuals or suspects— Possible causes— Origin of instinct. 



Chapter V : Lepidopteha.— Migration of— Swarm in 1104— Geneial movement since 

 Glacial Epoch — Weak-winged migrants — Deiopeia lyulchella at sea — Fluna gamma at sea 

 —Other records from sea— Mediterranean flights— Flights off coast South America— /I <-/rt?(.s 

 conviilndi, Manduca atropos, Euvanessa antiopa, Aiwsia ardiippus, Hgpoliiinias misippus, 

 etc., at sea — Migrant Hawk moths — Deilephiki gallii hiBvit&in— Plusia gamma— Oldrecoids 

 — Lighthouse records — Migrationof Hybernias — Heligoland lepidoptera— Night movements 

 —Lighthouse reports— Butterflies at night — Lighthouse visits— Darwin on Colias—Colia:< 

 edusa and C. hyale as British immigrants, 1804-1890— Extermination of progeny— Unsuit- 

 able environment— Appearances of Pyrameis canliii and Phma gamma— P. cardtii from 

 1741 to 1899— Migration of 1879— Course— Mediterranean habits— P. carditi in N. America 

 —Aiiosia ((rc/jy9)3u.s— Criticism— So-called return swarms— Congregating habit— Details of 

 records— .4. archippus in Old World— Visits to Britain— Colonisation by— Pie/ is dapUdice, 

 Argyiinis lathonia, Euvanessa antiopa as migrants — Pier/s hrassicae, P. rapae, P. napi, 

 etc., at sea— Settling on water— IMigration of Pierids in India, etc.— Cingalese flights — 

 The Indian Euplreas — Summary of Piepers' paper on migration of East Indian species — 

 Criticism-— Callidryads of America— Airica-Trimen on butterflies at sea— Migration of 

 Eurema lisa — Pieris monuste— Belt on migration in Nicaragua— The Uranias— American 

 Vanessids— Migrants and direction— At great elevations— Swarming and migration of 

 Apaturids— Butterfly migration in Australia and the Pacific Islands, etc. 



Chapter VI : Coleoptera.— Migration of beetles— Calosomas—C'(//«&)(S vulgaris — 

 Galeritca massing on sea-shore— Immigrants in Argentine— Swarms in Australia — North 

 America— Dispersal of aquatic beetles — Darwin's observations- Observations on Ben Nevis 

 — Elevations reached by lowland forms— Influence of air currents— Beetles flying out to sea 

 — Arizona swarm — Meloloniha vtih/ari^' — Ancient records — Migrating Coccinellids — Fabre 

 on dispersal hiih[ts—IIippoda)nia lecoitei, Cautharis uuttaUii, Lytta vesicatoria, Apion 

 vernalc—Ateiuhus saccr and A. laticollis crossing Mediterranean. 



Chapter VII : Diptera. — Flies at sea— 7>(Vu'o migrations — Swarming Syrphidae — 

 Syrphids destroyed at sea— Culicids in New Zealand— Tipulids—Culicids in Ireland, 

 England, etc.— Swarms of Culicids — C/it/o«()«(/(s— Mosquito mghi—Chironomus lugubrix 

 in Gerniiiny— in the Netherlands— C/itoro/Js— Distribution of Eristalis tenax, Musca vomi- 

 toria, Merodon eqitestris — Distribution of Hessian fly. 



Chapter VIII : Social insects, Himenoptera, Termites. — Athalia centifolia — 

 Sphegids— Bees at night— Lighthouse reports — Ammophila hirsuta — Polistes hipustulatus, 

 etc., in Britain — Dispersal movements of Apis melli)ica—ot Trigona mosquito, etc. — 

 Migration swarms of ants — Dead ants at sea- American records— New Zealand— Brazil— 

 Pseudo- swarms— True " swarms "—Dispersal of Termites, etc. 



Chapter IX : Final considerations. — Summary of facts and conclusions — Probable 

 causes of insect dispersion, its origin, and results. 



Postal Order to J. HERBERT TUTT, 22, Franceraary Road, Brockley, S.E. 



