20 pliny's natural histoet. [Book XVIII. 



such as millet,'' panic,'- sesame," horminum,** and irio,'* in 

 accordance, however, with the usage of Italy only; for in 

 Greece and Asia all tlie grains are sown just after the setting of 

 the Yergiliae. There are some, again, that are sown at either 

 season in Italy, and others at a third period, or, in other 

 words, in the spring. Some authors give the name of spring- 

 grain to millet, panic, lentils,'^ chick-peas,^^ and alica,'® 

 while they call wheat, barley, beans, turnips, and rape, semen- 

 tive or early sowing seeds. Certain species of wheat are only 

 sown to make fodder for cattle, and are known by the name of 

 '* farrago,"^ or mixed grain; the same, too, with the legumi- 

 nous plants, the vetch, for instance. The lupine,^ however, is 

 grown in common as food for both cattle and men. 



All the leguminous- plants, with the exception of the bean, 

 have a single root, hard and tough, like wood, and destitute of 

 numerous ramifications ; the chick-pea has the deepest root ot 

 all. Corn has numerous fibrous roots, but no ramifications. 

 Barley makes its appearance^ above ground the seventh day 

 after sowing ; the leguminous plants on the fourth, or at the 

 very latest, the seventh ; the bean from the fifteenth day to 

 the tw(inticth : though in Egypt the leguminous plants appeal 

 as early as the third day after they are sown. In barley, ont 

 extremity of the grain throws out the root, and the other thi 



" raiiicum Italicum of Linnncus. 



^ Panicum miliaceum of Linnaeus. This was probably one of tlie firs 

 grains from which bread was made. 



*"» The Sosamum oricntale of Linnaeus. It is no longer cultivated i: 

 fluropc, thou^rh formerly it was much used in Greece. 



»* It is very doubtful if this is the same as clarv. the Salvia horminm; 

 of Linnaeus, as that is one of the Labiat*, whereas here, most probably, ; 

 Uguminous plant is spoken of. 



" It has been asserted that this is identical with the Sisymbrium polv 

 coratiiifti of Linna-us, rock-gentle, rock-ffallant, or winter-cress. Fee, how 

 over, IS strongly of opiuion that it can 5nly be looked for in the Sisym 

 briiim mo ot Linnicus. 



^ I'lrvum lens of Linn<cus. 



'■ The ('icrrarietinum of naturalists, the Garbanzo of the Spaniards 

 It abounds in the south of Europe and in India. 



r.\u. ''v'\''l "^'^'l^ '''^' ^^^^^^ ^y t^"'^ "^"^e ; but it was more gene 

 rail) anphed to a kind ot flummery, pottage or gruel. 



** Hence our word "forage." ^^ » & 



' [t^pinus l.irswtus and pTlo'sus of Linnans. 



» ^/";" ^l'^«?P'"-a6tus, Hist. Plant. B. viii. c. 2. 

 AU lUi8, ot course, depcncis upon numerous ciicumstancis. 



