164 [July, 



57 genera found in Finland, he states that there are onlj four (Arctcecia, Asynarchus*, 

 Chilostigma, and Arctopsyche) that are quite unknown witli respect to fheir earlier 

 life. Of the 48 species dealt witli in the present memoir, 14 are mentioned as having 

 been previously unknown, or imperfectly known, as far as their metamorphoses are 

 concerned. 



The second paper is perhaps the most interesting to the general entomological 

 reader. The Trichoptera found in the neighbourhood of the Zoological station at 

 Tvarminne, in the Western part of the Gulf of Finland are here discussed, especi- 

 ally in connection with the conditions of the waters in which they spend their earlier 

 life, and much that is of interest connected with their economy is brought to light. 

 For his purpose, the author divides the waters into five different groups : the sea, the 

 smaller waters near the sea, the swamps, the inland lakes, and the running waters. 

 Although the fact that Trichoptera are found in the Gulf of Finland is not new, the 

 subject having already been dealt with by Levander, it may come as a surprise to 

 some that water sufficiently saline to maintain a luxuriant growth of Fucus also 

 maintains a large number of Trichoptera. Silfvenius found in the sea no fewer than 

 24 species as larvae or pupae, namely : Phryganea grandis, L., P. striata, L., P. varia, 

 Fab., P. olsoleta, McL., Agrypnia pagetana, Curt., Agrypnetes crassicornis, McL., 

 Limnophilus rkomhicus, L., L.Jtavieornis, Fab., L. decipienx, KoL, L. marmoratus, 

 Curt., L. lunafus, Curt., L. poUtns, McL., L. vittatus, Fab., L. affinis, Curt., Leptocerus 

 senilis, Burm., L. cinereus. Curt., Mystacides longicornis, L., (Ecetis ochracea, Curt., 

 (E.furva, Eamb., Holocentropus duhius, Ramb., H. picicornis, Steph., H. auratus, 

 Kol., Cyrnus Jlavidus, McL., and Agraylea multipunctata, Curt., besides which 

 imagines of the following species were found in such circumstances that they must 

 as larva3 have lived in the sea : Agrypnia picta, KoL, Limnophilus griseus, L., 

 Molanna augustata. Curt., M. palpata, McL., Leptocerus fulms, Ramb., (Ecetis 

 lacustris, Pict., Cyrnus insolutus, McL., C. trimaculatus, Curt., and Ecnomus tenellus, 

 Ramb. Near Tvarminne none of the following was ever found in fresh water : 

 Phryganea grandis, A. crassicornis, L. cinereus, (E. furva, H. auratus, C. Jlavidus, 

 E. tenellus and A. multipunctata. It is worthy of mention, however, that the larva 

 of the remarkable Agrypnetes, which hitherto has only been found on the shores of 

 the Gulf of Finland, lives quite well when placed in fresh water. 



The smaller waters near the sea, all lying on rocky ground, are classified as the 

 intra-littoral sea basins, the subsaline rock-pools, the permanent rain-water pools, 

 the moss-pools (Moostiimpeln) and the sphagnum-bogs (Felsensphagnete). Each of 

 these classes has its more or less characteristic species of Trichoptera. Without 

 going into all of these in detail, it is interesting to notice how the larva of Limno- 

 philus griseus, the s^iecies of the "Moostiimpeln" which sometimes dry up com- 

 pletely in summer, is able to protect itself against drought by closing up the front 

 opening of its case and retiring to the back of it ; lying there in the position it 

 assumes before pupation, it quietly waits for better times, in this condition 

 apparently able, with little more moisture than is afforded by the dew, to withstand 

 (according to Silfvenius' experiments) a longer period of drought than is likely to 

 occur in nature. ^The " Felsensphagnete " which often lie high up amongst 

 the rocks, have no open water surface or a very restricted one and are amongst 



* With regard to Axi/narchus, see Notes on A. canosus, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxi, p. 125, 

 Compare also Mon. Rev. Tr. Eur. Fauna, Sup., pt. il, p. xxviii. 



