30 [ Jul y. 



dorsal area ; a minute black dot at the base, and behind each sub-dorsal spine ; a 

 larger black dot between each of the spines, composing the double spiracular series ; 

 spines, spiracles, claspers, &c, the same as above. All the spines, -with the exception 

 of tbose on the second segment, which incline forward, incline backwards. When 

 full grown the larva selects a dry stem or root near the surface of the ground, attaches 

 itself by its anal extremity to a pad of silk, spins a thread around its middle, and 

 remains for nearly three weeks before changing to a chrysalis. The chrysalis is very 

 rigid, elongated, dull straw-colour, with a dark spiracular streak enclosing the black 

 spiracles ; wing cases somewhat short and rounded ; dark dorsal and interrupted 

 subdorsal streaks ; a deep impression between the base of wing and base of antenna 

 sheath. The perfect insects began to appear at Malta the end of April, 1879, and 

 many beautiful varieties were bred. 



Apon'a cratcegi,~L. — Very abundant. On 11th May the full grown larva? were 

 in great numbers on sloe and other bushes, and on the 18th of the same month the 

 perfect insects began to appear. By the 23rd they were out in certain localities in 

 countless swarms. On some evenings, especially when it was calm and sultry, they 

 assembled in vast multitudes, and were to be seen at rest on grass and flower-stems, 

 in such numbers that the stalks were quite bent down by their weight. The males 

 far exceeded the females, although the latter were to be seen weeks after the former 

 had disappeared. Flight comparatively heavy, and therefore easy butterflies to 

 capture. Some of the females were very large and darkly coloured. 



Pieris brassicce, L. — Very rare in the neighbourhood of Grallipoli, and only 

 noticed upon one or two occasions. It was, however, very abundant at the Darda- 

 nelles, where larvae were observed in profusion up to the end of December, and at 

 Ismid I found a larva just attaching itself to a wall as late as 2nd February, 1870, 

 and there had been plenty of frost and snow for some weeks previous. 



Pieris rap<z, L. — Common throughout the whole district, though never very 

 abundant. In some specimens taken the black spots were entirely absent. The 

 larvae were tolerably plentiful in October and November on Crucifera. 



Pieris napi, L. — Bare ; only one or two examples noticed. 



Pieris Daplidice, L. — Common throughout the district ; and there was evidently 

 a succession of broods from April to October. A strong, quick-flying butterfly, and 

 found in almost all localities, although, perhaps, preferring waste places by road- 

 sides, where a variety of herbage flourished. Females were observed on several 

 occasions depositing their eggs on Cruciferce. On 3rd August, I found some half- 

 grown larvae in the valley of Ak-y-lar, but did not rear any of them, for on the 5th 

 August I went to Constantinople for a week, leaving the larvae in charge of my 

 servant, and upon my return I found he had neglected them, and they had perished. 

 On 17th of the same month, many more larvae were seen at Besika Bay, only they 

 were too small to take ; but on the 21st October, at Artaki, I discovered many larvaa, 

 from the tiny individual just hatched to those just preparing to pupate, and con- 

 tinued to find them from this date up to the middle of November. These larvae 

 were easily detected, as their yellow dorsal and sub-dorsal stripes made them very 

 conspicuous, especially early in the morning, when their food-plants were damp and 

 bright with dew. A few of the perfect insects emerged the end of November, and 



