106 i M'EIINAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS. 
kind precedes the ordinary stomach, which from its 
structure Cuvier denominates a second stomach or giz- 
zard a ; Posselt improperly calls it Card i a b ; and by 
Ramdohr it is named the plaited-stomach (Falten-ma- 
gen c ). It is a short fleshy part consisting of two skins, 
placed above the opening of the stomach, and perhaps 
rather belongs to the gullet. The inner skin is formed 
into longitudinal folds, and sometimes armed with horns, 
teeth, or bristles. Its cavity is very small and com- 
pressed, so as to admit only small masses of food, and 
yet present them to a wide surface for the action of the 
teeth or bristles ; — in this stomach therefore, as in the 
gizzard of birds, to which it seems clearly analogous d , 
the food is more effectually comminuted and rendered 
fit for digestion. The muscles, by which its action 
upon the food is supported, in some species amount to 
many thousands 6 . Rudiments of a gizzard are some- 
times found concealed in the gullet of many insects f . 
The idea of Swammerdam, Cuvier, &c. that grasshop- 
pers and other insects that have this kind of stomach, 
chew the cud ff , Ramdohr affirms is entirely erroneous h . 
Besides its divisions, the stomach has other appendages 
that require notice. In most Orthoptera, a pair or more 
of blind intestines or cceca may be found at the point of 
union of the gizzard with the stomach ', which have been 
regarded as forming a third stomach: they also begin 
the stomach in the louse k ; they form a coronet round 
a Anat. Comp. iv. 135. Comp. Dr. Kidd in PMlos. Trans. 1825. 
223. t. xv. f. 6, 7. ,J Ramdohr Anat. 15. 
c Ibid. 15. * Ibid. 18. '' Ibid. ' Ibid. 
e Swanim. Bill. Nictf. i. 04. b. Cuv. Anat. Comp. iv. 134. 
h Ubi supr. 18. ' Ibid, t, If. 1. e. 5. c. 9. g, k. 
k Ibid.t. xxv. f. 4. bb. 
