HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY. 437 
worms, flies as Jly-wor?ns, spiders as spider-worms ; and 
what is still more extraordinary, the toad and the^cg, 
which he includes amongst his Anulosa, he calls qua- 
druped-worms 3 ' ! ! Though it may appear so absurd to 
speak of these animals as insects, yet he had perhaps a 
deeper and more philosophical reason for this than 
we may at first be disposed to give him credit for. 
This would be the case if he separated these from 
the other reptiles and placed them amongst insects on 
account of their metamorphoses, mistaking perhaps an 
analogical character for one of affinity b . Some of the 
Annelida, as Filaria and Lumbricus c , he also regarded 
as insects. I cannot gather from his desultory pages 
that he had any notion of a systematical arrangement of 
his Anulosa. 
After the taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 
the middle of the fifteenth century, the light of learning, 
kindled by those of its professors who escaped from that 
ruin, appeared again in the West. The Greek language 
then began to be studied universally; and in consequence 
of the coeval invention of the art of printing, various 
editions of the great works of the ancients were publish- 
ed : amongst the rest those of the fathers of Natural 
History. From the perusal of these, the love of the 
sciences of which they treated revived in the West, 
and the attention of scientific men began to direct itself 
to the consideration and study of the works of their 
Creator. In the latter part of that century, a work 
entitled the Book of Nature appeared in the German 
language, in which animals and plants were treated of 
3 Opera vi. 676, 670, 680. " Sec above, p. 428. 
r Opera vi. 682—. 
