510 LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS. 
common hive-bee (Apis) ; while in America this genus 
is not found as a native, but is replaced by Melipona and 
Trigona a ; and in New Holland by a still different but 
undescribed type. The Melolonthidcc and Rutelidcc of 
the old and new world appear to have their work done 
in that country by the brilliant and numerous Anoplo- 
gnathidce. The Rhipicera of Brazil is of a different type 
from that of New Holland. The singular genus Cre- 
mastocheilus of North America has its representative in 
Africa in Genuchus b . The Lucani of the rest of the 
world give place in New Holland to Lamprima and Rys- 
sonotus. — I could produce a much greater number of 
examples, but these are sufficient to explain my mean- 
ing. 
Having thus given you some, though an imperfect ac- 
count, of the geographical distribution of insects, I am 
next to say something concerning their local distribution 
in any district, or their favourite haunts ; a knowledge 
of which, with respect to those of our own country, is in- 
dispensable to the collector. 
The surface of a country consists either of mountains, 
hills and valleys, or of plains. It is diversified by forest, 
wood, or copse ; and watered by rivers, rivulets, lakes, 
and pools. Those parts that are not clothed with wood 
are either open or inclosed, forming grassy downs, heaths, 
pastures, meadows, morasses, and arable land. The soil 
also is equally various : — we find clay, loam, marl, chalk, 
vegetable mould, moor, sand, &c. The mountains and 
hills are either covered with a stratum of soil, or are 
» Latreille, Geogmph. &c. 10. 
11 Linn. Trans, xiv. 569. 
