72 THE entomologist's RECORD. 



second generation of the end of spring and early summer, and 

 the third of late summer and early autmim. Strangely enough, 

 it is only last year I realised this ! The June emergence was more 

 plentiful than usual, and Querci gave more attention to it, so that a 

 large series was obtained. We were then struck by the fact that it 

 ■differed from the mors familiar look of the third generation just as. 

 much as does the series of the second generation collected in May near 

 Palermo and named by me awjda in the Ent. Bee. for May, 1919, p. 

 87 (placed by a miss-print under the heading of P. daplUUce, as stated 

 at page 121). The characters I had taken to be geographical and 

 peculiar to a Sicilian race turned out to be simply seasonal, except 

 perhaps that the average size in Florence is a trifle smaller. The 

 second generation is, however, always quite a giant as compared to the 

 first, and very much larger than the third. The orange is lighter and 

 brighter than in the latter, it has more yellow mixed with it, especially 

 in the costal and radial zone ; in the female the hindwing is not 30 

 much darkened, the yellow spaces inside the marginal hand are in 

 many individuals very broad and more uniform in size, forming a 

 complete row across the wing, of a bright colour on forewing and a 

 band on hindwing ; on underside there is never any trace of green 

 dusting. These characters remind one, on a minor scale, of the 

 differences between C. aiirorina, H.-S., race trajiscaxpica, Chr., and race 

 libanotica, Led., as shown by my figures 21 and 23 on PI. xlv. of 

 Bhop. Pal. On looking up Stauder's paper of 1913 on the Eastern , 

 Adriatic coast, I find he, too, had noticed the lighter colouring of the 

 second generation as compared with the third, whereas in his paper of 

 1911 he had not' detected the existence of two summer broods. The 

 third generation of the later half of August and of September, is by 

 far the primary one by the number of its individuals. It is curious 

 how these are distinctly less active than the restless ones of the other 

 generations ; they settle more frequently and longer on flowers, whilst 

 the others are always flying wildly about, as if ill at ease ; this, no 

 doubt, is the cause of the well-known spring excursions towards the 

 north. The fourth emergence is less scarce than that of hyale and the 

 larva is not limited to a single stadium or moult, as regards hyberna- 

 tion ; in fact, a brood I bred in Florence in the open went on slowly 

 feeding and growing, whenever there were spells of weather not too 

 cold for them, all through the winter ; we can thus talk Avith no 

 hesitation of a fourth partial generation in the case of this species. 

 In 1921 emergence took place in great numbers from October 7th to 

 22nd, when some cold, rainy days cut it short ; an extensive series of 

 3,000 specimens was collected by Querci ; this is most interesting on 

 account of its enormous variability and contrasts sharply with the 

 comparatively uniform aspect of the third generation. The individual 

 variations of the fourth embrace those of all three of the others and tiny 

 vernaiis, with all their characteristics just as prominent as if the larvse 

 had undergone the frosts of winter, flew together with gigantic ampla, 

 which might have grown in the hot days of late spring. The name of 

 autiDirneflis has been given by Rocci {Hull. Soc. Ligustica di Scieme 

 Natnrali, 1920, p. 18) to definite features, intermediate between those 

 of vernaiis and of Avhat he took to be a single summer generation. 

 The form he describes is found individually, and, as a rule, pre- 

 dominantly ; I also have examples of it collected late in April, at the 



