SEASONAI, POLYMOKPHISM. 93 



plains of Tuscany it is quite over by that time ; it makes one wonder 

 whether the chr^'salids of )ii(jrcsri")is get submerged. 



I must mention the name of sait/ia, Riihl. [Pal. Gross-Srhim'tt., p. 

 143), a large form described from " the south of Europe and Asia 

 Minor," but I am quite unable to refer the characters he gives to any 

 form of siiiiijih I know, especially as regards " the underside of hind- 

 wings entirely yellowish-green, weakly sprinkled with dark." As to 

 the form which should be the nymotypical one of xinapts, I have 

 stated in other papers that the specimen left by Linneus is a lat/ii/ri, 

 Hb. I understand most entomologists are inclined to disregard 

 specimens. In that case the data of literature alone work out as 

 follows : Linneus's description applies to any Leptoaia ; his only 

 quotation is Fauna Svecica and no habitat is mentioned ; the Scan- 

 dinavian race is thus nymotypical. Hiibner was at liberty to name 

 any form he chose, and by calling the first brood latlnjri he restricted 

 sinapis to the summer one. I have designated two more grades of 

 variation by the names of hirittata and Iramiena. That of nymotypical 

 sinapis is thus restricted to individual forms standing between these 

 two, and such as would, in fact, I presume, be most numerous in the 

 second generation of Scandinavia. Form tiansiens and spring-like 

 (at/ii/ri probably outnumber them in damper localities, but I doubt 

 hirittata being more than exceptional even in the hottest summers. 

 In Central Europe the latter seems, on the contrary, to predominate, 

 with fluctuations towards transient or towards dinieiisis. We thus 

 have : — 



In Northern Europe : Race lal/u/ri, Hb., with only oue generation. 

 Races transient, Vrty., and sinapis, L., with latlujri as first generation. 



In Central Europe : Races diniensis, bicittata, inaijna, sinapis, and 

 transiens, all with lat/n/ii as first generation ; a third generation 

 certainly e.Kists in the southern portion. 



In Southern Europe : Race deserticola, ^'rty., may occur locally in 

 the extreme south. The following have been found in Italy:— Race 

 DINIENSIS, B. : I. gen. tY/»(Y, Vrty., or latlujri, lib.; II. and III. gen. 

 di)iiensis. Race GRANDis, Vrty. : I gen. frt»(/, Vrty. ; II, gen. ;ira)idis; 

 III. gen. dinimsis. Rnce bivittata, Vrty.: I. gen. lathyri ; II. gen. 

 hirittata ; III. gen. transiens, ^'rty. Race magna, Vrty: I. gen lat/n/ri: 

 II. gen. iiiaijna ; III. gen. dinirnsis. Race nigrescens, Vrty. : I. gen. 

 ni.jrescens ; II. and III. gen. unknown. There remains to establish the 

 distribution of these races; to my present knowledge, it is, on broad 

 lines, as follows : race diniensis is by far the most usual and wide- 

 spread, at all altitudes, in Peninsular Italy ; it is probably very 

 frequent in dry localities of Northern Italy; (jrandis may be found to 

 be peculiar to Central Italy ; it is produced in hot localities, where the 

 spring vegetation is particularly luxuriant ; hirittata is presumably the 

 most widespread in Northern Italy ; in Central Italy it is found in 

 damp localities ; manna is the race of the Alps, where the vegetation is 

 luxuriant in the early summer, and of the Coast Range of Calabria; 

 nifirescens is the marsh race. No fourth generation, or even emergence 

 of sporadic individuals, of /,. sinapis has ever been observed anywhere 

 as far as I know. 



(To he concluded.) 



