136 THE entomologist's record. 



its characteristics are the broad nervural streaks on upperside, which 

 begin on the outer half and extend to the entire wing-neuration in 

 extreme examples ; form )iieta, Wagner, with the same extent of dark 

 pattern, but with ground-colour white, is figured by Rober in Seitz's 

 Grosa-Sc/uiiett., pi. 21. Judging by the large series of this beautiful 

 race sent by C. Hofer, meta is scarce, and so is the other transitional 

 form sulplinrea, Schoyen, as figured by Eober, with the ground-colour 

 bright yellow, but with dark nervural pattern nearly abolished. The 

 males and the white females differ in no way from nHhnapaeae, Vrty., 

 as noted above. My series was collected from the end of June to the 

 end of July, so that it seems as if a third generation should exist. 

 One of the specimens I have figured is from Frankonia, so that it 

 would appear this race should be found over a wide area in Austria and 

 Germany. 



Race neohryoniae, Shelj. = 6/7/o»rr/<'.s, Vrty., Wiop. Pal., p. 333, pi. 

 lii., figs. 18-23 (1911), is the most conspicuous napi I have seen from 

 any part of the world by its gigantic size, ranging from 40 up to an 

 expanse of 55 mm. in male, and from 40 to 48 in the female by the 

 presence of bright yellow females and by the boldness of the dark 

 pattern ; the nervural streaks do not reach the extent they have in 

 extreme specimens of fiaresci'iis and )iieta from Mcidling, but thinner 

 streaks often reach the base of the wing ; what is characteristic here is 

 the extent of the true or transverse pattern, and especially the 

 enormous discal spots, nothing of the sort existing in other races ; 

 evidently this is due to the phenomenon I have pointed out in the 

 bryoniae of the first brood from the Alps, but in the latter the greater 

 extent of nervural pattern shows off less the true pattern. I have 

 described bryonidea from the Baths of Valdieri, m. 1375, in the 

 Piedmontese Maritime Alps, and Turati and I have discussed it at 

 length in the Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., xlii., p. 199 (1911). At that time, 

 however, we had not yet detected the important fact that in that 

 locality not two, but three broods are produced yearly : one in June, 

 one from July 10th to 31st, and one from August 10th onwards. 

 Extraordinarily quick a succession as this may seem, there is no 

 question about it, because not only was it clearly to be seen in nature, 

 but I have myself bred the third from ova laid by a female of second 

 brood. Besides, if one separates specimens according to these three 

 periods of emergence one finds they exhibit perfectly distinctive 

 features in most males and in all the females. In my earlier descrip- 

 tions of bryonides I stated that it was the second generation of bryoniae ; 

 this is not correct ; all the specimens I have figured in lihop. Pal. 

 and all those characteristic of it belong to the third generation ; the 

 second is considerably smaller, has a much less extensive pattern, and 

 never produces the yellow form of the females ; I will deal with it in the 

 paragraph on grade V. and point out it is Esper's true napaeae. As in 

 the other races of nai>i, with three broods, and, in fact, in the 

 lihnjjalucera in general, the second brood is the largest, this inversion 

 of size is quite remarkable ; the only explanation which occurs to me 

 is that the second generation feeds so early in the season that the 

 Cruciferae at that altitude are still quite small and tender and afford 

 poor nourishment, whereas the third brood, both in the wild and in 

 the orchards, get in August large plants, with firm tissues and 

 abundance of the flowers and pods the larvae are so fond of, thus 



