138 THK KNTOMOI^OGlST"S RKCOKD. 



Race leovigilda, Friihstorfer, Inteini. Ent. Zeit. Guhen, iii., p. 88 

 (July, 1909), is distinguished from the preceding chiefly by its very 

 large size ; the dark pattern is on an average deeper in tone and more 

 pronounced than in the smaller mihnapaeae, because the discal spots 

 tend to be rather large in both sexes and the fore one of female is 

 often connected to the outermargin by two thick streaks. The types 

 were collected in Savoy at an altitude of 500 m., from the end of June 

 to the beginning of July. Its author records it from the Saleve, at 

 m, 800, near Geneva, and from Eclepens, near Lausanne, whence I 

 possess specimens. It probably has a comparatively limited sub- 

 alpine range. 



Grade IV. is well characterised by an interesting feature : the com- 

 bination in many individuals of the minimum extent of nervural 

 pattern with the maximum extent of true or transverse pattern. The 

 former is not only entirely abolished, as a rule, on the upperside, as in 

 grade III., but it is also reduced on underside in most cases to the basal 

 part of the wing in the male (Rocci has named this character deficiens, 

 as an individual form) and simply to one or two short streaks in the 

 female, whilst in extreme examples of both sexes it is entirely absent. 

 The true pattern, on the contrary, tends to develop on the upperside into 

 deep black and extensive markings, with sharp outlines, standing out 

 boldly on the pure white ground-colour; some females have black 

 streaks at the terminal end of all the nervures of both fore- and hind- 

 wing on the upperside. These, I presume, are part of the true 

 pattern, originated from internervular centres, which blend across the 

 nervure, because they are evidently homologous to similar streaks 

 found in /'?Vr/s, such as canidia, Spar., which never produce any 

 nervural pattern. The culminating form of this grade is the one which 

 Rober, in Seitz's (Tross-aclimett., has named dnbiosa, actually describing 

 it as a variety of P. rapae, L., and expressing doubts as to whether it 

 is not a distinct species ; the entire lack of nervural pattern on both 

 surfaces is evidentlj^ what led him wrong; the extensive markings of 

 the true pattern on the upperside gives it a strong resemblance to P. 

 knieperi, Stdgr., and this struck also Rober; he, no doubt, had seen only 

 males. The corresponding form in the female sex seems to be the one 

 I have figured in R/wpal. Pal., pi. XXXII., fig. 17, from a specimen 

 from Le Tarf in Algeria. Rober gives Andalusia and Asia Minor as 

 habitat. It is very likely that in these regions diihiosa is frequently 

 met with and may predominate in certain localities rising to the rank 

 of race. In Italy one meets with it now and then as an extreme 

 individual form, but, like form nitida, Vrty., of P. daplidice, h., to 

 which it is in some ways equivalent, it is never as abundant as in the 

 regions mentioned above. The male from Vallombrosa, m. 1,000, in 

 Tuscany, which I have figured on pi. XXXII., fig. 14, is very similar to 

 Rober's figure and also to my fig. 18, from the Tuscan coast, 

 resembles it, but I possess specimens still more exactly like it. My 

 figs. 12 and 18 of male and 16 and 19 of female give a fair idea of the 

 more usual aspect of the smaller race found in Central Italy and which 

 I propose naming micromeridionalis, mihi. I possess series 

 collected at Forte dei Marmi on the coast, at Vallombrosa, at Piteglio, 

 m. 700, in the Pistoiese Apennines, on the Prato Fiorito, m. 

 900, near Lucca, and at Bolognola, m. 1,200, in the Sibillini 



