140 THE entomologist's kecord. 



Race napaeae, Esper : It is to this grade that Esper's true napaeae 

 seems to belong. The first point to clear up is to what race should his 

 name be applied. I think we can come to a very definite conclusion : 

 to the second generation i ' the Alpine race brijoiiiat^, 0. Esper stated 

 his types had been collected in August in the Alpenthal above Geneva, 

 together with callidice. The latter can only have been found at the 

 beginning of August, and in a locality where it is extremely unlikely 

 napi could produce more than two broods. What is more, my male 

 specimens of the second brood from the Baths of Valdieri, where we have 

 seen the first is bryoniae and the third is hryonides, I found agree most 

 perfectly in every detail with Esper's figure ; on upperside the 

 markings are less bold than in bryonides, the apical crescent tends to 

 break between the nervures, or has at least a dentate outline, whereas 

 it is more or less straight in bryonidcs. What is very striking 

 and nearly surprising at the Baths of Valdieri is the very small size 

 of all the females, as compared with that of males ; in the third brood 

 brycmiden this is not the case ; evidently the female sex, requiring more 

 food than the male, suffers more from the scantiness of it in the early 

 part of the season. The very reduced extent of both nervural and 

 true pattern markings is also most striking in the females, on both 

 surfaces, and the contrast with bryonideH is again considerable. It is 

 this character, as well as the small size of the female, which obliges one 

 to place the Valdieri napaeae in grade V., because this sex thus agrees 

 perfectly with tenueinacidusa. The male, instead, differs from that of 

 the latter by its larger size and by the streaks on the underside, which 

 nearly invariably reach the outer-margin, although they are always 

 very pale and shaded in outline ; this sex thus corresponds perfectly 

 also in this respect with Esper's figure. It remains to be established 

 definitely whether the females of the callidice localities nearest to 

 Geneva are really similar to my Valdieri specimens, or whether they 

 approach more those of race leoviijilda, which is the one of lower 

 altitudes in that region ; in this case Esper's race napaeae might have 

 to be classified in grade III., as the underside of the male would require, 

 and the Valdieri second generation would remain in this one, with the 

 designation of napaeae trans, ad. teniteinaculosa. 



The following grade, to my knowledge, does not exist in Europe as 

 a race, but weaklings of tenuemacidosa belong to it universally. 



Grade VI. consists in small and often extremely small desert 

 forms, with all the markings reduced to a minimum extent and no 

 basal dark shading on the wings above in most individuals, a character 

 which in this species is very rare. 



Race persis, mihi, I suggest naming the very interesting form from 

 Persia, described by me in llhop. i'al., p. 166, and figured on pi. xlix., 

 figs. 8 to 5, in which the apical patch has an unusual shape, more 

 quadrangular than in any other napi, and the spots on disc are small, 

 but sharp in outline, quite recalling /'. rapae, L., of summer broods. 

 It is, no doubt, the second generation of a race similar to pseiidorapae^ 

 Vrty., of Syria. The actual specimens I have, or I have seen, from 

 Beyrout, obviously belonging to the second generation of pseadonipae, 

 are not like these Persian ones, but are still smaller and frailer, with 

 the markings similar to those of teniionaculusa in shape, but so pale 

 and reduced in extent as to be on the verge of obliteration. I have 



