180 



THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 



etc. " this drought produces in Tuscany a "pause" of about twenty days 

 in the emergence of all Lepidoptera ; it is the first step towards those 

 special climatic conditions which culminate in the North African ones, 

 where the summer " pause " becomes considerably longer than the winter 

 one. These climatic conditions in most of the widespread species 

 produce the same race from Tuscany to Calabria, or two parallel races : 

 one in themountains, identical with,or moresiniilar to, those of Northern 

 Italy and Central Europe, and one in the plains ; sometimes there is a 

 third in particularly damp localities, such as marshes, or certain slopes 

 on the north side of mountains, or certain spots on the sea-shore, or 

 deep narrow valleys; this last race, too, comes nearer those of Central 

 Europe by the extent of its dark markings. Several species, however, 

 change aspect in Calabria and resemble, there, much more the races of 

 Northern Italy than their near neighbours of the rest of the peninsula, 

 in their larger size, than they do the latter, by their more saturated 

 colouring, and by the greater extent of dark patterns. This phenomenon 

 is so distinct that Calabria stands out as a small subzone by itself, and we 

 shall see also that the distribution of species contributes to confirm it. 

 Another noteworthy exception to the uniform distribution of races in 

 the whole of Peninsular Italy is afforded by some of those species which 

 in this region are only found at high altitudes, namely, hy P. (ijiollo 

 and by the Krebiae; these in Tuscany produce a race peculiar to the 

 peninsula, whilst further south, in Umbria, in the Marche and in the 

 Abruzzi, they revert to larger and darker forms, much more similar to 

 the Alpine races. I must point out, furthermore, that there also exist 

 several species, which are totally absent from Tuscany and which make 

 their appearance again to the south of it in colonies, thus isolated by 

 great distances from the zones where most of them are more wide- 

 spread and characteristic : L. boetica. H. alveiis, H. foulqnieri, H. 

 serratiilac, H. iiioipkeus, II. thersanion, H. dolus, P. titlionus ( — eruti), A. 

 eiiiiu'iloii, J. jolas, L. areas, S. splni, A. eiiphenoidea, P. ergane, C. iphis, 

 C. tiphoii, (\ tlonis, M. japi///ia, S. cordiila, L. celtis, M. triria, M. 

 aiivinia, li. pales, ]). pandora. In both cases I think the cause rests 

 in the geological structure of the Apennines, which is of a Tertiary 

 nature as far down as the depression between the valle}' of the Tiber 

 and that of the Metauro, and Jurassic beyond it, and in the existence, 

 south of Tuscany, of large mountain-masses, resembling the Alps more 

 than does any part of the chain within Tuscany itself. The features 

 of the characteristic Italic races consist in small size, frail structure, 

 colours bright, but light (not saturated), dark pattern reduced in 

 extent. Species which descend to the plains and hills produce these 

 features to their highest degree here, and extreme races are found in 

 the driest, hottest localities, and especially in the generation whose 

 larvae have fed up during the summer months (the second of the bigene- 

 rates and the third of the trigenerates). Apart from those afforded by 

 Calabria, as noted above in several species, one meets with few excep- 

 tions in the rest of the Peninsula of races distinguished on the con- 

 trary by large size and saturated colouring : II. alciji/tron in race inirabilis, 

 Vrty., very local, /.. arion (culminating in Liguria), the second 

 generation of most Pieridi, E. lii/ea, K. dri/as, S. fagi [hcrniioue] 

 (both in sub-species fa</i and in major), S. circe, S. statiliniis in race 

 rostatpioi, Vrty., on the coast of the Campania, M. pseudo-athalia in race 

 iita.riiiia, Trti., in the Isle of Elba, 1^. ririilaris in race hcrculeana, 



