214 



THE ENT0AU)1.0(iJST S KlfiCOKD. 



wing in some inclividuals of both sexes, by the brighter and warmer 

 tinge of the fulvous, and by the underside characters. The features 

 which distinguish this race from the continental ones in tbe first 

 generation, exist also in the summer ones, so that one is justified in 

 calHng them Grade II of the same line of variation. The diffused 

 scaling on the underside of the hindwing is as reduced in extent on the 

 further half of the wing as in Grades III and IV, but on the basal half 

 it is as intensive and dark, and the markings, on the whole, are as thick 

 as in the northern /ilipliiuia, so that one must classify the summer 

 generations in this grade, just as their first falls in with the first of race 

 inct/c'ia, in Grade I. Having looked up Bonelli's original description 

 and figures, I have found that he stated his "types" had been collected 

 duriug July "in the plains of Sardinia." His figures are good, and 

 show unmistakably the characteristics of tbesummergenerations on both 

 surfaces, quite resenibling the specimens I have myself found on the 

 2nd of September, 1910, near the house and tomb of Garil^aldi, in the 

 little island of Caprera, off the north coast of Sardinia. Kii'by, in his 

 catalogue, expresses the doubt that Hiibner's name of ixuiniieijaera 

 might have the right of priority over that of iii/clins, Bon. This does 

 not seem to be the case. Bonelli read his paper before the li. Acadeiuia 

 di. Scienze of Turin on March 7tb, 1824, so that his name dates from 

 that day, although it was only printed in vol. xxx. of the Meiiinrie of 

 1826. According to Fernald's researches on the dates of publication 

 of Hiibner's plates, plates 162 to 195 were published from 1823 to 1833, 

 so that it is extremely unlikely that plate 170, with /laranu'tiaera, should 

 have appeared before March, 1824. Curiously enough Hiibner's three 

 figures all look suspiciously identical with Bonelli's three, and as if 

 copied from them ! 



As I have already mentioned, in the Italic zone the first generation 

 of iiiei/era, which varies so little in the rest of Europe, does change 

 aspect. It is shifted along the main line of variation to grades usually 

 proper to the summer generations ; in consequence the seasonal 

 dimorphism, which becomes so much more marked in other parts of 

 southern Europe than it is in the north, again is diminished in the 

 Italic zone. I propose the name of praeaustkalis, mihi, for the first 

 generation of Peninsular Italy, which apparently does not vary in the 

 least from Northern Tuscany to the Coast Eange of Calabria, and from 

 the tops of the Apennines to the sea-shore. I select a series from 

 Florence, as " typical," collected in the Plan di Mugnone, from March 

 30th (emergence usually begins in Florence about the 10th) to May 

 18th. Its most characteristic feature is that on an average the under- 

 side of the hindwings exactly corresponds to that of the summer genera- 

 tion of northern Europe in the extent and the intensity of the diffused 

 scaling, in the sharpness of the streaks, of the premarginal luiuiles, 

 and of the circles round eye-spots ; it differs from it in having only the 

 slightest suspicion of yellow left in the tinge of ground-colour, which 

 tends more to silvery- white. On the upper surface the fulvous is 

 warmer and the black markings are usually decidedly reduced in 

 extent; the basal black patch is more suffused with fulvous, the 

 mai-ginal band is narrower, etc. 



{To be completed). 



