METATARSAL AND PHALANGEAL BONES 391 



METATARSAL AND PHALANGEAL BONES 



The Metatarsal and Phalangeal bones, known to the horseman as the 

 cannon-bones, the pasterns, and the hind-feet, resemble so closely those of 

 the fore extremity, that it is unnecessary to repeat the description of then) 

 here. 



CHAPTER XIX 



OF THE JOINTS, AND THE TISSUES ENTERING INTO THEIR COMPOSITION 



GENERAL REMARKS — CARTILAGE — FIBROUS TISSUE — riBRO-CAKTILAGE — SYNOVIAL MEM- 

 BRANES — CLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTS — MOVEMENTS OF THE JOINTS — ARTICULATIONS 

 OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN — THE LIGAMENTUM NUCHCE, OR GREAT CERVICAL LIGA- 

 MENT, AND OTHER PECULIARITIES IN THE LIGAMENTS OF THE NECK — MOVEMENTS OF 

 THE VERTEBRAE IN GENERAL, AND OF CERTAIN OF THEIR JOINTS IN PARTICULAR — 

 THORACIC ARTICULATIONS — PECULIARITIES IN THE ARTICULATIONS OP THE LUMBAR 

 VERTEBRAE — THE LUMBO-SACRAL ARTICULATION AND SACRAL LIGAMENTS— THE COCCY- 

 GEAL JOINTS — THE TEMPORO-MAXILLARY ARTICULATION — THE SACRO-ILIAC ARTICULA- 

 TION — ISCHIO-PUBIC SYMPHYSIS — THE SHOULDER JOINT — THE ELBOW JOINT — THE 

 KNEE JOINT (carpus, OR WRIST). — INTER-METACARPAL ARTICULATIONS — FETLOCK 

 JOINT — THE PASTERN JOINT — THE COFFIN JOINT — THE HIP JOINT — STIFLE JOINT OR 

 COXO-FEMORAL ARTICULATION — TIBIO-FIBULAR ARTICULATION — THE HOCK JOINT — 

 TARSO-METATARSAL ARTICULATION — TERMINAL ARTICULATION OF THE POSTERIOR 

 LIMBS. 



GENERAL REMARKS 



The JOINTS are all formed between two or more separate bones, having a 

 soft and elastic substance interposed, whose structure varies with the amount 

 of motion. Where this is extensive, as in the joints of the limbs, the 

 adjacent surfaces are covered with a peculiar kind of cartilage arranged in a 

 thin and very smooth layer upon them. In addition to this protection 

 against friction and vibration, the bones are firmly bound together by strong 

 bands of white fibrous inelastic tissue under the general name of ligaments, 

 each bundle receiving a distinct appellation. In those situations where the 

 motion is limited, a mixture of cartilage and fibrous tissue is inserted 

 between the ends of the bones and attached to both, as in the vertebrae, 

 ischio-pubic symphysis, etc. ; while in order to reduce the vibration and 

 friction in certain important joints fibro-cartilages are introduced, with both 

 surfaces free, and in contact only with the usual layer of cartilage, as in 

 the stifle and jaw. A lubricating fluid (called synovia) is required to reduce 

 the amount of friction ; and to produce it, as well as to keep it within 

 proper limits, a membrane (synovial) is developed. This is attached to each 



