550 TILE i>lSl-:A.SE8 UF TliE llUii.SE 



rapidly followed by one of effusion, which may go on to such an extent as to 

 constitute water on the chest (hydrothorax). 



The causes are the same as pneumonia and bronchitis (see pages 540, 547). 



llie Symptoms dilTer somewhat in tlie tenderness on pressure against the 

 libs, and a difHculty in turning, which is often accompanied with a grunt of 

 pain. In tlie congestive stage, if the ear is applied to the sides of the chest 

 a friction sound may be detected as of two pieces of paper rubbed together 

 between the fingers, and as tlio disease progresses the presence of fluid may 

 ije made out by a splashing or tinkling sound as of drops of water falling 

 into a well. 



Treatment. — This should be the same as for other inflammatory diseases of 

 the chest (see Pneumonia, p. 547), but there should be no hesitation about the 

 application of mustard, since the dificased tissue is so comparatively near to 

 the skin, the very best results may be anticipated from counter-irritation. 



BROKEN WIND 



A BROKEN-WINDED HORSE can be detected at once by any horseman 

 possessed of experience, from the peculiar and forcible double expiration. 

 Inspiration is performed as usual, then comes a rapid but not violent act 

 of expiration, followed by a forcible repetition of the same, in which all the 

 muscles of i-espiration, auxiliary and ordinary, are called into play. This 

 is, of course, most marked when the horse has been galloped, but even 

 when he is at rest the double expiration is manifest at almost any ordijiary 

 distance from the observer. 



More or less emph3'sema of the lungs is usually found after death, but in 

 not a few broken-winded horses is it absent, and the cause cannot be stated 

 with certainty. Over and above the residual air which is normal in health, 

 there is in broken wind an increased amount which the single and usual act 

 of expiration fails to expel. The causes are bad and innutritions food — musty 

 hay, outsides of hay-ricks, chopped straw and other food entailing a large 

 amount of digestion for very small results. It is also largely hereditary. 



Treafmeiit. — Though no hope of curing broken wind can be held out, there 

 are many horses doing good work while badly affected with it. The symptoms 

 mav be very much ameliorated by judicious feeding and management. No 

 large quantity of food or water should be allowed at one time. All the food 

 given should be damped, and a bed provided, such as sawdust, or peat-moss, 

 that the animal will not cat: instead of dry hay, cut grass and clover, lucerne, 

 rye, carrots, boiled linseed or linseed oil mixed with the kibbled corn. 

 Treacle or molasses is a favourite remedy in France, and there is no doubr 

 that it is beneficial, as also occasional dosing with tar and fats, as suet ana 

 lard. 



THICK WIND 



Thick wixd is the horseman's teiTn for any defective respiration unac- 

 companied by a noise, or by the signs of empln-sema just alluded to. It 

 usually follows pneumonia, but it may arise from chronic bronchitis, occa- 

 sioning a thickening of the mucous membrane lining the broncliial tubes 



