THE FORM AND MANUFACTURE OE SHOES 609 



quoted in different parts of this volume. Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, are Mr. 

 Urquhart's patterns, with which he claims to prevent slipping, contracted 

 and diseased feet ; economize the wear and tear of legs through absence of 

 concussion ; develop the healthy functions of the feet. 



The "Grip" and the " Ring " pads do not cover the whole surface, and 

 thereby prevent healthy evaporation, as do the other patterns here shown. 

 Mr. Sheather, the well-known veterinary surgeon, seeks to obviate this 

 objection by his pneumatic pad. It is not solid like the ordinary frog-pad, 

 but hollow, and is compressed at each step, but immediately resumes its 

 prominent form on being relieved of pressure. 



In nailing on the shoe very little art is required if the holes are punched 

 straight through far enough from the edge, and the crust is not broken or 



unusually thin. If these precautions are not taken, the inclination of the 

 hole gives a bias to the nail which it is difficult to rectify, while, if the 

 holes are punched too near the edge, in order to get a sufficient hold they 

 must be driven with a very slight slant far up into the wall of the hoof, and 

 then the difficulty consists in bringing their points out at the proper place. 

 When the nails are all driven through, a notch is made beneath each with 

 the rasp; they are then carefully turned down and twisted off with the 

 pincers, leaving a proper length to clinch, when after a second hammering 

 to secure their being driven well home they are clinched with the hammer 

 by turning their points down into the notch previously made with the rasp. 

 The whole foot is then slightly rasped over so as to remove any rough edges 

 projecting beyond the shoe, and the operation is completed. 



In the hind-shoe there is not so much variation as in that used for the 



