174 RUBIACEA:. 
A substance named Than, used to adulterate kutch in 4 
Burma, was investigated by Dr. Romanis in 1888, Than is 
a red-coloured gum or mixture of gums, insoluble in spirit, and 
having no action on polarized light. Under some circumstances 
it ferments and evolves gases. It contains no leather forming 
property, but is thrown down by gelatine and alum; if, however, 
this precipitate is boiled in water, the than is dissolved. 
(Chem. Haaminer’s Report, 1888.) 
Commerce.—Gambier is imported into India from Singa” 
pore in large baskets. The exports of Kutch and Gambier 
from India are more than 300,000 cwts. annually. 
Value, Rs. 4 to Rs. 6 per Surat maund of 373 lbs. 
CINCHONA SUCCIRUBRA, Pavon. 
Fig. Howat d’s Illustrations, Neuva Quinologia. p. 7. Red 
bark. 
Hab. —Blopss of Chinhanas, S. America. Cultivated 
in Southern India, Sikkim and Ceylon. 
CINCHONA OFFICINALIS, Hooker. 
Fig.—Bot. Mag. 5364. The- Loxa, Crown, Condaminea 
or pale bark of commerce. 
Hab.—Eenuador and Peru. Cultivated on the Nilgir! 
Hills. : . 
G. CALISAYA ( Wedd.) and var. LEDGERIANA 
- Fig.—Howard’s Quinology, pp. 4, 5, 6. The Calisay - 
Ledger, or yellow bark of commerce. 
_ _Hab.—Bolivia and Southern Peru. Cultivated in Sikkim 
and Southern India. 
History, Uses, &c.—Cinchona bark was = ae 
“into ‘Europe in the 17th century, when it was brought ovet 
by Jesuit missionaries from America. The Countess of Chin 
chon, the wife of a » Aieerer. of the Spanish ey of Pert, 
