186 RUBIACEH. 
are grown, and where the expense. of artificial heat could not — 
be met. The shaving process was first practised in Java, and 
consists in shaving. off the superficial layers of bark from the 
whole surface of the. stem, taking care that no point of the 
wood is laid bare. Coppicing Cinchona is to cut the tree down 
to a foot above ground, and to allow one or more shoots to 
spring up from the stool. Uprooting is adopted in the Bengal 
plantations, where the trees are uprooted and the whole of the 
bark is collected from the root, trunk and branches. 
Description.—Cinchona bark js usually exported in ¥ 
packages, which are subjected to hydraulic pressure and arrive 
in the market more or less in a comminuted condition. Crown 
bark occurs in single quills with a blackish surface, often covered 
with various lichens (Usnea, &c.); it breaks with a fibrous frac 
ture, and the powder of the bark is light brown. Succirubra 
bark is rough and warty on the outer surface, with fewer 
cryptogamic plants, and thicker than other kinds. It has 
fibrous and splintery fracture, a reddish inner surface, and 
Root bark from all kinds of Cinchona is in the form of short 
recurved or twisted pieces, thicker and lighter in colour that 
the stem bark, Shavings consist of the outer or cellular pore 
tion of the bark, and are co 
easily crushed in packing, 
is usually free from lichen, a ; 
quills. Renewed bark js 
account of the absence of 
amount. of quinine it contains which is determined solely 1 
_ chemical analysis, Indian Cinchona bark has never } 
