299 COMPOSITE. 
agreeable camphor-like odour boiling at 176° to 177° C., and 
having a specific gravity of 0°92297 at 16° C. It is optically 
inactive, though the rectified oil from which it is obtained “has 
been found to have a rotation to the left of 2°9, due to other 
constituents boiling at higher temperatures. Oxidised by boil- 
ing with nitric acid, cyneol yielded besides the lower fatty 
acids essentially oxalic acid, but no acid of the aromatic series; 
while the hydrocarbons (C'°H!® and C!°H'*) accompanying 
it in the oil yielded upon oxidation always more or less toluylic 
or terephthalic acid. Cyneol by treatment with gaseous 
hydrochloric acid is converted into a hydrocarbon ain to 
which the name ‘Cynen’ has been given. 
Commerce.—Wormseed is: brought to India from Afghan- 
istan and Persia in considerable quantities: Value, Rs. 2$ to 
Rs. 3 per Surat maund of 874 lbs. Santonin is now largely 
imported into India ; much of that sold in the bazar is adul- 
terated to the extent of three-fourths of its weight with various 
substances, amongst which gum and boracic acid have been 
noticed. Aneasy test is to expose it to sunlight, which turns 
the santonin yellow. 
DORONICUM PARDALIANCHES, Linn. 
Fig .—Jacq. Austr., t. 350. Leopard’s bane (Eng.), Doronic 
( Fr.). 
Hab.—Europe, Syria. The rhizome. 
_ Vernacular,—Dariinaj-i-akrabi (Pers. .» Ind. bazars). 
- History, Uses, &c.—pD. pardatianches, socal to 
itbihern, § is called oneithe in modern Greek, He identifies it 
with the axovirov of Dioscorides (iv, 75), which that writer 
describes as having a root like the tail of a scorpion and white 
like alabaster. .Theophrastus (vi. 3. ix. 14) calls it. 47Avqgovor 
and exopmios and Pliny (25; 75) Thelyphonon and. Scorpio. 
The author of the Makhzan-el- Adwiya states that Darénaj is 4 
scorpioid knotted root with a: greyish: exterior and white 
interior, thet it is hard, faintly bitter and aromatic. Hede 
