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COMPOSI?T Z. 311 
The yellow colouring matter of Carthamus is acid. It hasa 
bitter taste and great colouring power. It combines readily 
with oxygen, and is converted into a brown substance. It 
unites with oxide of lead, forming the compound (Pb*0)*C* 
H'05, 
Commerce.—Kusumba is cultivated in most parts of India; it 
was formerly exported to the value of 6 to 7 lakhs of rupees 
yearly, but the present value of the exports is under one lakh. - 
The seed is of considerable importance as an oil seed in India. 
Value, Rs. 16 per candy of 8 pharrahs (about 5 cwts). 
; CICHORIUM INTYBUS, Linn. 
4  ~Fig.—2ng. Bot. 539. Wild Succory, Chicory (Hng.), Barbe _ 
de Capucin, Chicorée (Fr.). 
Hab.— Persia, Europe. Cultivated in India. The seeds, 
Vernacular.—Kasni (Pers., Ind, Bazars). 
History, Uses, &c. —This plant has ‘been in use as a 
potherb from a very early period ; it was known to the ancient _ 
Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Theophrastus (H. P. vii., 7, 8, 
9,10, 11,) calls-it «-xopy and «xepor. Dioscorides mentions two 
_kinds,—the wild, «-xepwor, and the cultivated, v«pss * he describes 
_ both as astringent, cooling and stomachic, and states that the 
plant is also applied externally on account of its cooling 
: properties in inflammatory affections. The Romans called the 
plant Intubus or Intubum, and the plural of the latter word has 
furnished the Arabs with their name Hinduba. Pliny calls the 
wild plant Cichorium, Chreston (useful), Pancration (all power- 
ful), and Ambubaia ; after enumerating its medicinal virtues, he 
Says: “ In addition to these qualities the Magi state that persons 
who rub themselves with the juice of the entire plant, with 
mixed oil, are sure to find more favour with others, and to obtain — 
with greater facility anything they may desire.” Endive seeds 
_ Were sold in Rome under the names of Erraticum and Ambubaia 
or Ambubeia, and were supposed to be a panacea and to have 
‘the property of fixing the affections. The Syrian danc 
whom Cneius ecageuc pibiiekee 
