xxnr 



A similar process seems to have worked in Lycaena Roxus Godt (PI. 

 XX, 30), L.Elna Hew (PI. XX, 31) and L. Ethion Dbld., (PI. XX, },2a.b.). 

 Upon the underside of the butterflies there are black stripes and spots, the 

 very various shapes of which strongly suggest that they are relics, as in the 

 case of the great variety of shape shown by the so-called tails of the butterfly 

 wings, which are also relics. When black is extending, as a rule at least it 

 proceeds more evenly. There are also LvcAENA-species, such as L. Akasa 

 Horsf (PI. XXII, Tia.b.) and L. Celeno Cram, (PI. XX, 3 6«) which are almost 

 entirely white, or have only on the underside faint survivals of the former 

 colour, much mixed with white. In alle these species and especially in the 9, 

 there is however still some dark pigment remaining upon the upperside, and 

 that in just those places which I have said above I regard as persistent spots. 

 This, again, indicates that the pigment is decreasing. 



The underside of the Lycaenidae, except where the fading process is so 

 far advanced that it has become entirely or almost entirely white, also demonstrates 

 the process very clearly, while there too the increase or decrease of the dark 

 pigment may be seen. This process is however seldom the same as that on 

 the upperside or has any connection with it at least ; usually the changes go 

 their own way independently upon each of the wing- surfaces. On page xlix 

 of the introduction to my third monograph I referred to this fact, principally 

 in connection with an observation made by Bateson. In Snellen's genus 

 Lycaena the colour of the underside is usually lighter or darker brown, with 

 more or less pronounced spots or stripes. At a certain stage of development 

 peculiar white stripes often appear, corresponding in a very remarkable way 

 not only in the sexes, but in related species, and as such displaying such a 

 systematic whole as unmistakably demonstrate that the course of this process 

 is not regulated by chance, but by fixed definite rules. 



In Lycaena Celeno Cram (PI. XX, 36) and L. Satuf<ata Sn. (PI. XK, 39) 

 for instance the same stripes appear in the same arrangement, similarly in 

 Lycaena ElpIs Gdt, (PI. XXI, 41), L. Kondulana Felder, (PI. XXI, 43), 

 L. Kankena Felder, (PI. XXI, 44) and L. Cunilda Sn. (PI. XXI, 42) they 

 are the same. 



This seems to show, that under the same circumstances, such as must 

 normally exist in both sexes of the same species and even in related species, 

 the development of the colour-evolution also follows the same course ; and 

 therefore, where this is not the case, it is due tot abnormal circumstances which 

 have been caused special disturbances. In many ARHOPALA-species something the 

 same may be seen, but in the place of these stripes there appear spots of different 

 shapes, which are the same for both sexes of one species, and thus point so 



