SATYRINZ. 33 
of from 8000 to 10,000 feet altitude. A second brood appears in July in the same 
localities. They fly with much bolder Nymphalidian flight than their tamer congeners 
Swahe and Saraswati, and they do not extend out of the Simla district mto Kunawur.” 
On the other hand, Mr. A. Graham Young holds that Padma and Avartara are two 
distinct species. He writes of A. Padma that “it is fairly common in Kula, and is 
double-brooded, the first brood appearing in June on the grassy slopes amongst and 
above the upper forests, at an elevation of 10,000 feet or so; the second brood appears 
at a much lower elevation, from 3000 to 4000 feet. It is very punctual in its appear- 
ance, as, in the fifteen years that I have observed this insect, it has never appeared 
earlier than the 1st or later than the 3rd of October. It is an extremely powerful 
insect on the wing, and very difficult to take; it flies down one hill, straight across 
the valley, and up the opposite hill at a great pace, keeping some ten feet from 
the ground, and very rarely settling.” While of A. Avatara he writes, ‘‘ Confounded 
with the above by superficial observers and cabinet naturalists; it is smaller in size 
than A. Padma, and much weaker in flight, taking but short flights, and is easily 
captured; a succession of broods appear throughout May, June, and July.” (Butt. 
Ind. i. 197, 1883.) Mr. A. G. Young subsequently writes (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1885, 
129), “I first took A. Padma near Rajaori, in the Kashmir territory, in July, 1864, 
at but little over 3000 feet, and have in June, 1883, taken the same sex at Barkli, in 
the Mundi State, ina Deodar forest on the banks of the Beas, at barely 3000 feet. 
For some reason that I cannot explain, the females never appear to descend as low 
as the males do, and it is a very curious circumstance, that as far as my experience 
goes, the June and July broods seem to consist almost entirely of males. It was not 
until 1880 that I succeeded in obtaining a female in June, whereas in October the 
females are in a great majority, some faded, as though they had come out at the 
higher levels in the summer, and been driven down by the cold, whilst the greater 
number, to judge from their fresh condition, had but just emerged from the pupa. 
I never took but one worn and battered male along with this autumnal brood, which 
seems a true Amazonian one, all females, and appears in October between 3500 and 
4500 feet.” Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 118), ‘‘There are two allied 
Species passing under the name of Padma. Of the true Padma I have both sexes 
from Narkunda, near Simla, and from the Galis north of Mari, but in Kumaon I 
obtained only females, taken in October and November in the Kali Valley, ranging 
from 7000 feet at Juti,in Chandans, to 2500 feet at Garjiaghat, and even lower. 
This species is the larger of the two; the other species, dA. Loha, is smaller.” 
AULOCERA SWAHA (Plate 100, figs. 2, 2a, g 2). 
Satyrus Swaha, Kollar, in Higel’s Kaschmir, LV. 2, p. 444, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2 (1844). 
Aulocera Swaha, Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete. i. p. 197 (1883). 
Satyrus Brahminus, Blanchard, Jacq. Voy. pl. ii. figs. 5, 6 (nec. fig. 4). 
vou. 1. August 13th, 1892. F 
