224 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 
12,000 feet to near top of the pass. Captain Lang obtained specimens of Melitea 
Sindura at 16,000 feet elevation in North-Western Himalayas. 
Groups OF THE NYMPHALINE AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 
The Nymphaline is the most extensive sub-family of butterflies, and embraces a 
great variety of forms, not only in the caterpillar and chrysalis state, but also in that 
of the imago. The assemblage of these various forms, as here embraced in this sub- 
family, has, by most modern Lepidopterists who have studied their structure, been 
divided into three or four, or more, limited natural groups,* and which, by some 
authors, are mainly based upon the differences of form in their larval and pupal 
stages. 
In the arrangement of the Nymphalinz, in this work, we have assigned the 
various genera of the Indian fauna to named groups, into which they naturally 
range themselves, in accordance with their special characteristics, and which are 
here briefly indicated as follows :— 
Group I. Cuaraxina. 
Imago.—Very robust, thorax very stout. Forewings triangular, short, broad ; 
apex produced to an obtuse or somewhat acuminate point. Hindwings short; 
exterior margin scalloped, with a long narrow, or short, pointed tail at end of upper 
and lower median veinlets. 
Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped (limaciform), with four lengthened processes on 
the head, and two skort processes on the anal segment. 
Chrysalis.—Short, thick, almost oval; smooth; dorsum much arched, head 
more or less obtusely pointed. 
Eiqg.—* Large; few; globular; hard; not so high as broad; with obscure 
ribs and cross lines at the base only, forming tetragons, with minute projecting 
points at their intersection ’”’ (Doherty). 
Group II. Poramrna [Apaturidee, auctorum]. 
Imago.—Robust. Forewings more or less elongate and triangular ; apex obtuse; 
exterior margin sometimes slightly angulated below the apex. Hindwings short, 
either triangular and somewhat prolonged at anal angle in male, or subquadrate ; 
exterior margin slightly scalloped, or obtusely produced at end of the upper median 
veinlet. 

* But have been ignored by Mr. Distant (Rhop. Malayana), Mr. de Nicéville (Butt. of India, ete.), 
Mr. Elwes (P.Z.S., 1888, etc.), and Mr. Leech (Butt of China, etc.), although the life history of many 
species of the various groups were then known, consequently their arrangement of the genera in this 
sub-family is erroneous and entirely unnatural, 
