226 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 
shghtly scalloped and with a more or less prominent outward angle below the apex 
and a lesser angle at the lower median veinlet, or the entire margin slightly but 
obtusely scalloped, or more or less even. Hindwings short, obovate, or somewhat 
quadrate; the exterior margin either more or less slightly scalloped, or nearly even, 
or, in some the apex is slightly excised and with a short broad caudate angle at the 
upper median veinlet; or, in some the wing is triangular, with the exterior margin 
nearly or quite even, and the anal angle prolonged into a lobate tail. 
Caterpillar—Head mostly very slightly cleft, in some surmounted with two 
minute tuberculous-spines or very short stellate-spines, or armed with two long erect 
branched-spines. Body armed with mostly nine (sometimes eleven) longitudinal 
series of branched-spines. 
Chrysalis.—With dorsal and lateral abdominal segmental conical points; thorax 
obtusely or angularly conical ; head piece more or less bifid. 
figg.—* Not so high as wide; ribs few, sharp and prominent, usually projecting 
at apex, and often serrate” (Doherty). 
Nort on tHe Group Nympnarina.—We refer the origin of this name to Linneus, 
who, in 1758, Syst. Nat. p. 472, uses the plural form [Nymphales] at the head of 
the group, but in the singular form [Nymphalis] at the top of the pages; dividing 
the group into two sections, the species in the first section (Nym. Gemmati) being 
To, Almana, Asterie, Alnone, Aonis, Lemonius, Orithyia, Cardui, Lampetia, Iris, 
and some Satyrids. In the second section (Nym. Phalerati) Populi, Antiopa, 
Polychloros, Urtice, C. Album, C. Aureum, Dirce, Amathea, Venilia, Alimene, 
Leucothcee, Phetusa, Bolina, and others. In the 12th Edit. Syst. Nat. p. 769 
(1767) Linnzus repeats the above. In 1777, Esper, Die Schmett. p. 87 [Nym- 
phalis], under section I. gives Io, Cardui, Iris, and some Satyrids. II. Populi, 
Antiopa, Polychloros, Urtice, C. Album, Atalanta, Sibilla, Camilla, Rumina, 
Levana, Lucina, Maturna, Cinxia, Dia, Paphia, Aglaia, Adippe, Lathonia, Euphro- 
syne, Niobe. In 1781, Barbut, Gen. Ins. Linné, pp. 162, 172 [Nymphales] at head 
of group, and Nymphalis for sections, describes and figures lo, and Urtice, only, 
as typical. Any further restriction of the name in its generic use must therefore 
be confined to these two species. In 1784, Esper, Natur. des Linn. Syst. p. 209 
[Nymphales], gives sect. I. Io, Galathea; sect. II. Urticw, Atalanta, Lathonia. 
In 17938, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. II. i. p. 61 [Nymphales| places at the head of 
the list, Jasius and Pyrrhus; two species not occurring in Linneus’s group Nymphales, 
and which, by some modern authors, have been erroneously taken as the typical 
species of the genus Nymphalis. In 1798, Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. Hist. Nat. p. 589 
| Nymphales|, gives Antiopa, Io, Cardui, Atalanta. This action of Cuvier’s thus 
fixes lo as the type of Nymphalis. 
