in 



moreover, in many Celaenorhinus species and also with a difference in colour 

 in CoLADENiA Dan F. and the two Koruthaiolos species. 



The third, that of the European Hesperia Comma L. in Ampittia Maro F., 

 Telicota Augias L. and Augiades Felder, in many Padraona species and 

 also, though in a somewhat modified form, in Plastingia Callineura Felder. 



Besides these there are also many Hesperidae which have taken another trend 

 of colour-evolution, sometimes one that is only to be found in a very few 

 species. In accordance with what seemed to follow from my former study of 

 the evolutionary process of the annihilation of the so-called caudal horn of the 

 caterpillars of the Sphingidae, I suppose that the reason of this is to be found 

 in the special correlative wants peculiar to each species, which as such may 

 differ from those of other species, but may also resemble them, at least so far, 

 that they admit the same arrangement of pigment. For the moment, however, 

 the other directions may be left out of consideration. From what has been said 

 above, it is evident that all the three types spoken of appear in different genera ; 

 moreover, a comparison with the Hesperidae occurring in other regions, shows 

 that the same types are likewise represented among the species of the Palaearctic, 

 the Neoarctic and the Neotropical fauna. Hence whilst their appearance in 

 different genera, whose characteristics, through different evolutional changes, 

 have sprung from a primitive type, distinctly shows that their process of 

 colour-evolution has continued quite independently of the other change-processes, 

 to which the same animals were at the same time subject, it is also clear from 

 the appearance of the same types in such different zones, that climatical or 

 other external influences cannot have played any part in the evolutional process 

 of which they are the expression. Conversely, species of the same genus, living 

 in the same region, have sometimes developed in another way. As e. g. in 

 Java Plastingia Callineura Felder and P. Tessellata Hew. 



What are we to say, in the face of such facts, of the usual assertion that 

 the colours of Lepidoptera and their arrangement are dominated by climatic 

 and other external influences, nay, that the former are even caused by them? 

 What of those pretended results derived in such a superficial way from the 

 well-known heat and cold experiments on the first states of Rhopalocera ? 



If the phenomenon of colour-evolution in the case of the Pieridae, however 

 obvious in the imagines, is mostly but slightly noticeable with regard to the 

 caterpillars, in the case of the larvae of the Hesperidae, on the contrary, this 

 is all the more noticeable, especially as regards the head, which organ is of 

 a peculiar form and of a striking colour. About this I shall speak afterwards. 

 But first I wish to add to my considerations concerning the phenomenon of 



